{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T15:09:25Z","timestamp":1774278565721,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774224000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCDD"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: Recently, there has been a growing interest in repairing congenital heart defects in children via right axillary thoracotomy. We sought to review our experience with ventricular septal defect closure through this approach. Patients and Methods: This is a retrospective single-center analysis of 50 children who underwent closure of ventricular septal defects via vertical right axillary thoracotomy between March 2018 and February 2024. We reviewed the patients\u2019 characteristics, perioperative and follow-up data. Results: The study included 26 (52%) girls with a median age of 7 (1\u2013132) months. All patients underwent vertical right axillary thoracotomy with no conversion to sternotomy. Membranous ventricular septal defect was the most common diagnosis and was present in 43 (89%) patients. The median cardiopulmonary bypass and aortic cross clamp times were 96.5 (47\u2013157) and 73 (30\u2013114) min, respectively. In 45 (90%) of the patients, a patch was used. No early or late mortality. All patients were extubated in the operating room, and the median length of hospital stay was 2 (1\u2013321) days. One early reoperation for bleeding, and one patient needed a permanent pacemaker. No late reoperations and all patients\/parents were pleased with the incision. Conclusions: The outcomes of the right axillary thoracotomy for repairing ventricular septal defects in children are excellent. The approach is safe and is associated with superior cosmetic results and very short hospital stay. It should be strongly considered as an alternate to sternotomy for closure of ventricular septal defects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd13030147","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T13:53:34Z","timestamp":1774274014000},"page":"147","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Vertical Right Axillary Thoracotomy for Repair of Ventricular Septal Defects in Infants and Children: Experience with 50 Consecutive Cases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yasin","family":"Essa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric and Adult Congenital Cardiac Surgery, Maria Fareri Children\u2019s Hospital, Department of Surgery, Westchester Medical Center, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8302-7801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali H.","family":"Mashadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric and Adult Congenital Cardiac Surgery, Maria Fareri Children\u2019s Hospital, Department of Surgery, Westchester Medical Center, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Giamelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Boston Children\u2019s Health Physicians, Maria Fareri Children\u2019s Hospital, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Mittnacht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Cardiac Anesthesiology, Maria Fareri Children\u2019s Hospital, Department of Anesthesiology, Westchester Medical Center, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8747-473X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahmoud I.","family":"Salem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Port Said University, Port Said 42526, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2193-0314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sameh M.","family":"Said","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric and Adult Congenital Cardiac Surgery, Maria Fareri Children\u2019s Hospital, Department of Surgery, Westchester Medical Center, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA"},{"name":"Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21526, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vento, V., Kuntz, S., Lejay, A., and Chakfe, N. 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