{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T17:00:25Z","timestamp":1774285225426,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774224000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCDD"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) who are not candidates for long-term anticoagulation present a complex therapeutic dilemma due to competing risks of cardioembolic stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). This challenge is particularly pronounced in neurologically vulnerable individuals, including those with prior ICH, cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), or neuroimaging markers of cerebral small vessel disease (SVD). Left atrial appendage occlusion (LAAO) has emerged as an alternative stroke prevention strategy for patients with contraindications to anticoagulation; however, optimal patient selection and post-procedural antithrombotic management remain uncertain, largely because existing bleeding risk scores inadequately capture ICH risk. Most hemorrhagic risk scores were designed to estimate systemic bleeding and demonstrate limited ability to predict ICH, as they do not incorporate hemorrhage etiology or neuroimaging features. Importantly, ICH recurrence risk varies substantially by subtype, with the highest risk observed in CAA-related hemorrhage, the lowest in hypertensive SVD, and intermediate risk in mixed or secondary etiologies. These distinctions have direct implications for anticoagulation decisions and consideration of LAAO. Finally, we synthesize contemporary evidence on ICH risk stratification, neuroimaging biomarkers, and antithrombotic strategies following LAAO. We propose a multidisciplinary, evidence-based decision-making framework integrating clinical risk scores, neuroimaging findings, and hemorrhage phenotype to support individualized stroke prevention strategies in high-risk patients with AF.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd13030148","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T15:54:53Z","timestamp":1774281293000},"page":"148","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Between a Rock and a Hard Place: Balancing Embolic Stroke and Intracerebral Hemorrhage Risk in Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1182-4075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Felipe","family":"Daza-Ovalle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine at Montefiore Health System, 111 E 210th St, Bronx, NY 10467, USA"},{"name":"Comprehensive Stroke Center at Montefiore Health System, 3316 Rochambeau Ave, Bronx, NY 10467, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0809-2731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johanna","family":"Seiden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine at Montefiore Health System, 111 E 210th St, Bronx, NY 10467, USA"},{"name":"Comprehensive Stroke Center at Montefiore Health System, 3316 Rochambeau Ave, Bronx, NY 10467, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0754-4345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Labovitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine at Montefiore Health System, 111 E 210th St, Bronx, NY 10467, USA"},{"name":"Comprehensive Stroke Center at Montefiore Health System, 3316 Rochambeau Ave, Bronx, NY 10467, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4745-5431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erick Daniel","family":"Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine at Montefiore Health System, 111 E 210th St, Bronx, NY 10467, USA"},{"name":"Comprehensive Stroke Center at Montefiore Health System, 3316 Rochambeau Ave, Bronx, NY 10467, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4772-6337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deepti","family":"Athreya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine at Montefiore Health System, 111 E 210th St, Bronx, NY 10467, USA"},{"name":"Comprehensive Stroke Center at Montefiore Health System, 3316 Rochambeau Ave, Bronx, NY 10467, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1455-9345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles","family":"Esenwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine at Montefiore Health System, 111 E 210th St, Bronx, NY 10467, USA"},{"name":"Comprehensive Stroke Center at Montefiore Health System, 3316 Rochambeau Ave, Bronx, NY 10467, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.07.040","article-title":"Antithrombotic Therapy for Atrial Fibrillation","volume":"154","author":"Lip","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2012.06.019","article-title":"Performance of the HEMORR2HAGES, ATRIA, and HAS-BLED Bleeding Risk\u2013Prediction Scores in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation Undergoing Anticoagulation","volume":"60","author":"Apostolakis","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. 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