{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T09:36:39Z","timestamp":1785404199583,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780358400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior\u2014Brasil","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00x0ma614","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005286","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de Mato Grosso","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["244\/2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["244\/2024"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005286","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["244\/2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["244\/2024"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05hdz2063","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCDD"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Heart rate variability (HRV), the physiological variation between consecutive heartbeats and a non-invasive marker of autonomic regulation, is associated with cardiovascular health. This retrospective cross-sectional study investigated the associations of severe obesity, hypertension, and physical activity with 24 h HRV in patients undergoing evaluation for bariatric surgery. Methods: A total of 1048 individuals were classified according to obesity class, hypertension diagnosis, and physical activity level. Results: Severe obesity was associated with lower 24 h HRV indices (p &lt; 0.001) and higher odds ratio of hypertension (OR 2.04 [1.60\u20132.63]) and antihypertensive medication use (OR 1.98 [1.53\u20132.58]) compared to class II obesity. Hypertension was associated with lower HRV indices (p &lt; 0.001), higher odds of diabetes (OR 4.20 [2.88\u20136.12]) and dyslipidemia (OR 2.85 [2.17\u20133.74]), greater use of related medications (OR 3.53 [2.18\u20135.70)] and 2.96 [1.99\u20134.40]), respectively), and lower physical activity (OR 0.64 [0.47\u20130.87]). Physical activity was associated with higher 24 h HRV indices (p &lt; 0.001) and lower odds of hypertension (OR 0.64 [0.47\u20130.87]) and antihypertensive medication use (OR 0.70 [0.50\u20130.97]). Conclusions: Severe obesity and hypertension were associated with reduced 24 h HRV, whereas physical activity was associated with more favorable HRV parameters in adults undergoing evaluation for bariatric surgery, supporting its relevance for cardiovascular health in this population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd13060242","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T12:45:08Z","timestamp":1780404308000},"page":"242","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association of Severe Obesity, Hypertension, and Physical Activity with 24 h Heart Rate Variability in Adults"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"D\u00e9bora Andrea Castiglioni","family":"Alves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiab\u00e1 78060-900, MT, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pamela Carvalho","family":"da Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiab\u00e1 78060-900, MT, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9a Castiglioni Alves Teixeira e","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiab\u00e1 78060-900, MT, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joceli Fernandes Alencastro Bettini de Albuquerque","family":"Lins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiab\u00e1 78060-900, MT, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3586-3749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gisela","family":"Arsa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiab\u00e1 78060-900, MT, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5609-7249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucieli Teresa","family":"Cambri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiab\u00e1 78060-900, MT, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2026, April 17). 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