{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T09:05:32Z","timestamp":1784019932419,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783987200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCDD"],"abstract":"<jats:p>QRS area reflects ventricular electrical dyssynchrony and is a stronger predictor of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) outcome than QRS duration\/morphology. Data on QRS area in patients upgraded from right ventricular pacing to CRT are scarce. We investigated whether QRS area and the difference with biventricular paced QRS area (\u0394QRS) in CRT-upgraded patients are associated with clinical outcome and echocardiographic response. This retrospective multicenter study included patients upgraded to CRT. Median values were used as a cut-off for (\u0394)QRS area. The primary composite outcome was all-cause mortality, heart transplantation or left ventricular assist device. Secondary outcomes were heart failure hospitalization (HFH) and \u226515% reduction in left ventricular end-systolic volume. A total of 303 patients were included (age 69 \u00b1 11 years, 75% male, 50% ischemic cardiomyopathy). Median LVEF was 26% [25\u201334]; baseline QRS area was 132 \u00b5Vs [97\u2013162], which reduced to 90 \u00b5Vs [61\u2013122] with CRT (p &lt; 0.001), with a \u2206QRS area of 35 \u00b5Vs [1\u201374]. The primary outcome occurred in 34.3% during 47 \u00b1 29 months of follow-up without differences between a small or large baseline and \u2206QRS area (p = 0.856; p = 0.968). HFH occurred in 9.2% and patients with large \u2206QRS area had fewer HFHs (6.7% versus 15.4%, p = 0.012). Baseline QRS area of &gt;132 \u00b5Vs was not associated with HFH (p = 0.832), but was a determinant of better echocardiographic response (OR 2.23, 95% CI 1.10\u20134.50, p = 0.026). \u2206QRS area of &gt;35 \u00b5Vs was not associated with echocardiographic response (p = 0.203). To conclude, (\u2206)QRS area was not associated with the primary outcome in this small cohort of CRT-upgraded patients. However, baseline QRS area of &gt;132 \u00b5Vs was associated with echocardiographic response and \u2206QRS area of &gt;35 \u00b5Vs with fewer HFHs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd13070331","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T08:04:31Z","timestamp":1784016271000},"page":"331","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["QRS Area Before and After Upgrading to Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Is Not Sufficient to Predict Outcome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9340-3161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fenna","family":"Dani\u00ebls","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederieke","family":"Eerenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mari\u00eblle","family":"Kloosterman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6621-0727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonius M. W.","family":"van Stipdonk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2121-3713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheyenne S. L.","family":"Chiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1102-2155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mathias","family":"Meine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8818-5964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin","family":"Vernooy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2581-070X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michiel","family":"Rienstra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7936-360X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander H.","family":"Maass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa050496","article-title":"The effect of cardiac resynchronization on morbidity and mortality in heart failure","volume":"352","author":"Cleland","year":"2005","journal-title":"N. 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