{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T22:37:08Z","timestamp":1789425428998,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":131,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,2]],"date-time":"2015-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1443744000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01HL114823"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HL114823"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30GM103342"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30GM103342"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P20GM103444"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P20GM103444"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01HL127692"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HL127692"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000968","name":"American Heart Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["15GRNT25080052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15GRNT25080052"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000968","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCDD"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) is the most common congenital valvular heart defect with an overall frequency of 0.5%\u20131.2%. BAVs result from abnormal aortic cusp formation during valvulogenesis, whereby adjacent cusps fuse into a single large cusp resulting in two, instead of the normal three, aortic cusps. Individuals with BAV are at increased risk for ascending aortic disease, aortic stenosis and coarctation of the aorta.  The frequent occurrence of BAV and its anatomically discrete but frequent co-existing diseases leads us to suspect a common cellular origin. Although autosomal-dominant transmission of BAV has been observed in a few pedigrees, notably involving the gene NOTCH1, no single-gene model clearly explains BAV inheritance, implying a complex genetic model involving interacting genes. Several sequencing studies in patients with BAV have identified rare and uncommon mutations in genes of cardiac embryogenesis. But the extensive cell-cell signaling and multiple cellular origins involved in cardiac embryogenesis preclude simplistic explanations of this disease. In this review, we examine the series of events from cellular and transcriptional embryogenesis of the heart, to development of the aortic valve.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd2040248","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,2]],"date-time":"2015-10-02T10:05:52Z","timestamp":1443780352000},"page":"248-272","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Embryonic Development of the Bicuspid Aortic Valve"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Peter","family":"Martin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St., Th724, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Kloesel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St., Th724, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Russell","family":"Norris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Children's Research Institute,  Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley St, Charleston, SC 29403, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Lindsay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Center, Richard B. Simches Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Milan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Center, Richard B. Simches Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Body","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St., Th724, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2691","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.007851","article-title":"Bicuspid aortic valve: Identifying knowledge gaps and rising to the challenge from the international bicuspid aortic valve consortium (bavcon)","volume":"129","author":"Michelena","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2014.01.021","article-title":"Surgical treatment of bicuspid aortic valve disease: Knowledge gaps and research perspectives","volume":"147","author":"Body","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. 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