{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T04:14:48Z","timestamp":1773288888487,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,1]],"date-time":"2019-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572566400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010328","name":"Stichting Lijf en Leven","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["dilating versus stenosing arterial disease (DIVERS)\u2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["dilating versus stenosing arterial disease (DIVERS)\u2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010328","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Eurotrans-Bio","award":["Development of novel non-invasive diagnostics for aneurysms (Aneudia)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Development of novel non-invasive diagnostics for aneurysms (Aneudia)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCDD"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA), are usually asymptomatic until rupture causes fatal bleeding, posing a major vascular health problem. AAAs are associated with advanced age, male gender, and cardiovascular risk factors (e.g. hypertension and smoking). Strikingly, AAA and AOD (arterial occlusive disease) patients have a similar atherosclerotic burden, yet develop either arterial dilatation or occlusion, respectively. The molecular mechanisms underlying this diversion are yet unknown. As this knowledge could improve AAA treatment strategies, we aimed to identify genes and signaling pathways involved. We compared RNA expression profiles of abdominal aortic AAA and AOD patient samples. Based on differential gene expression profiles, we selected a gene set that could serve as blood biomarker or as pharmacological intervention target for AAA. In this AAA gene list we identified previously AAA-associated genes COL11A1, ADIPOQ, and LPL, thus validating our approach as well as novel genes; CXCL13, SLC7A5, FDC-SP not previously linked to aneurysmal disease. Pathway analysis revealed overrepresentation of significantly altered immune-related pathways between AAA and AOD. Additionally, we found bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling inhibition simultaneous with activation of transforming growth factor \u03b2 (TGF-\u03b2) signaling associated with AAA. Concluding our gene expression profiling approach identifies novel genes and an interplay between BMP and TGF-\u03b2 signaling regulation specifically for AAA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd6040038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,1]],"date-time":"2019-11-01T12:30:50Z","timestamp":1572611450000},"page":"38","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Inflammation and TGF-\u03b2 Signaling Differ between Abdominal Aneurysms and Occlusive Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"A.","family":"IJpma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Bioinformatics, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"te Riet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vascular Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, POB 2040 Rotterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K. M.","family":"van de Luijtgaarden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vascular Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, POB 2040 Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P. M.","family":"van Heijningen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Genomics, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5662-841X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J.","family":"Burger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Genomics, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Majoor-Krakauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E. V.","family":"Rouwet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vascular Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, POB 2040 Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Essers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vascular Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, POB 2040 Rotterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Genomics, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H. J. M.","family":"Verhagen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vascular Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, POB 2040 Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"I.","family":"van der Pluijm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vascular Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, POB 2040 Rotterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Genomics, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000154569.08857.7A","article-title":"Thoracic and abdominal aortic aneurysms","volume":"111","author":"Isselbacher","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2006.04.098","article-title":"Familial thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissections--incidence, modes of inheritance, and phenotypic patterns","volume":"82","author":"Albornoz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1038\/352337a0","article-title":"Marfan-syndrome caused by a recurrent denovo missense mutation in the fibrillin gene","volume":"352","author":"Dietz","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1511","article-title":"A syndrome of altered cardiovascular, craniofacial, neurocognitive and skeletal development caused by mutations in tgfbr1 or tgfbr2","volume":"37","author":"Loeys","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.744","article-title":"Mutations in smad3 cause a syndromic form of aortic aneurysms and dissections with early-onset osteoarthritis","volume":"43","author":"Oldenburg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2348","article-title":"Tgfb2 mutations cause familial thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissections associated with mild systemic features of marfan syndrome","volume":"44","author":"Boileau","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carpath.2018.01.005","article-title":"Pathogenesis of aortic wall complications in marfan syndrome","volume":"33","author":"Grewal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5271","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddu224","article-title":"Rare variants in fbn1 and fbn2 are associated with severe adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"23","author":"Buchan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.109.933093","article-title":"Multimodality imaging reveals a gradual increase in matrix metalloproteinase activity at aneurysmal lesions in live fibulin-4 mice","volume":"3","author":"Kaijzel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2349","article-title":"Loss-of-function mutations in tgfb2 cause a syndromic presentation of thoracic aortic aneurysm","volume":"44","author":"Lindsay","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.841981","article-title":"Circulating transforming growth factor-beta in marfan syndrome","volume":"120","author":"Matt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-015-1567-0","article-title":"First genetic analysis of aneurysm genes in familial and sporadic abdominal aortic aneurysm","volume":"134","author":"Heijsman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.5603\/KP.a2017.0071","article-title":"The prevalence of abdominal aortic aneurysms in the rural\/urban population in central poland\u2014Gniewkowo aortic study","volume":"75","author":"Derezinski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Kardiol. Pol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38369.620162.82","article-title":"Screening for abdominal aortic aneurysms: Single centre randomised controlled trial","volume":"330","author":"Lindholt","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2016.08.091","article-title":"Decreasing prevalence of abdominal aortic aneurysm and changes in cardiovascular risk factors","volume":"65","author":"Persson","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.325.7373.1135","article-title":"Multicentre aneurysm screening study (mass): Cost effectiveness analysis of screening for abdominal aortic aneurysms based on four year results from randomised controlled trial","volume":"325","author":"Ashton","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1177\/1358863X16686409","article-title":"Risk of abdominal aortic aneurysm (aaa) among male and female relatives of aaa patients","volume":"22","author":"Rouwet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-126-6-199703150-00004","article-title":"Prevalence and associations of abdominal aortic aneurysm detected through screening. Aneurysm detection and management (adam) veterans affairs cooperative study group","volume":"126","author":"Lederle","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehu071","article-title":"Non-coronary atherosclerosis","volume":"35","author":"Gallino","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramnath, N.W., van de Luijtgaarden, K.M., van der Pluijm, I., van Nimwegen, M., van Heijningen, P.M., Swagemakers, S.M., van Thiel, B.S., Ridwan, R.Y., van Vliet, N., and Vermeij, M. (2014). Extracellular matrix defects in aneurysmal fibulin-4 mice predispose to lung emphysema. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0106054"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000052939.59093.45","article-title":"Markers of inflammation and cardiovascular disease: Application to clinical and public health practice: A statement for healthcare professionals from the centers for disease control and prevention and the american heart association","volume":"107","author":"Pearson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.111.227652","article-title":"Role of complement cascade in abdominal aortic aneurysms","volume":"31","author":"Hinterseher","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000138","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.113.000138","article-title":"Preliminary biomarkers for identification of human ascending thoracic aortic aneurysm","volume":"2","author":"Black","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1080\/08035250600609799","article-title":"Circulating adiponectin levels in kawasaki disease","volume":"95","author":"Takeshita","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1038\/35018581","article-title":"A chemokine-driven positive feedback loop organizes lymphoid follicles","volume":"406","author":"Ansel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1002\/1096-9896(2000)9999:9999<::AID-PATH774>3.0.CO;2-N","article-title":"Adventitial infiltrates associated with advanced atherosclerotic plaques: Structural organization suggests generation of local humoral immune responses","volume":"193","author":"Houtkamp","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1772","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.114.301137","article-title":"Artery tertiary lymphoid organs contribute to innate and adaptive immune responses in advanced mouse atherosclerosis","volume":"114","author":"Mohanta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"282","article-title":"The candidate gene approach to susceptibility for abdominal aortic aneurysm\u2014timp1, hla-dr-15, ferritin light chain, and collagen xi-alpha-1","volume":"1085","author":"Tilson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Abdom. Aortic Aneurysm: Genet. Pathophysiol. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2009.04.030","article-title":"Differential expression of collagen type v and xi alpha-1 in human ascending thoracic aortic aneurysms","volume":"88","author":"Toumpoulis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1097\/00062752-200001000-00012","article-title":"Expression and function of serum amyloid a, a major acute-phase protein, in normal and disease states","volume":"7","author":"Linke","year":"2000","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1006\/geno.1993.1209","article-title":"A constitutively expressed serum amyloid-a protein gene (saa4) is closely linked to, and shares structural similarities with, an acute-phase serum amyloid-a protein gene (saa2)","volume":"16","author":"Steel","year":"1993","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.113.302247","article-title":"Deficiency of endogenous acute phase serum amyloid a does not affect atherosclerotic lesions in apolipoprotein e-deficient mice","volume":"34","author":"Wroblewski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200003233421202","article-title":"C-reactive protein and other markers of inflammation in the prediction of cardiovascular disease in women","volume":"342","author":"Ridker","year":"2000","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1038\/90984","article-title":"The fat-derived hormone adiponectin reverses insulin resistance associated with both lipoatrophy and obesity","volume":"7","author":"Yamauchi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.05.923","article-title":"Adiponectin attenuates abdominal aortic aneurysm formation in hyperlipidemic mice","volume":"235","author":"Yoshida","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2767","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000042707.50032.19","article-title":"Adiponectin reduces atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein e-deficient mice","volume":"106","author":"Okamoto","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2381","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.169.5.2381","article-title":"Fdc-sp, a novel secreted protein expressed by follicular dendritic cells","volume":"169","author":"Marshall","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7859","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.178.12.7859","article-title":"Follicular dendritic cell secreted protein (fdc-sp) regulates germinal center and antibody responses","volume":"178","author":"Du","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2003.08.002","article-title":"Oca-b regulation of b-cell development and function","volume":"24","author":"Teitell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hagg, S., Salehpour, M., Noori, P., Lundstrom, J., Possnert, G., Takolander, R., Konrad, P., Rosfors, S., Ruusalepp, A., and Skogsberg, J. (2011). Carotid plaque age is a feature of plaque stability inversely related to levels of plasma insulin. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0018248"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1080\/13684730310001652","article-title":"Inflammation in the wall of abdominal aortic aneurysm and its role in the symptomatology of aneurysm","volume":"7","author":"Treska","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cytokines Cell Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20100155","article-title":"B cell depletion reduces the development of atherosclerosis in mice","volume":"207","author":"Herbin","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kyaw, T., Tay, C., Hosseini, H., Kanellakis, P., Gadowski, T., MacKay, F., Tipping, P., Bobik, A., and Toh, B.H. (2012). Depletion of b2 but not b1a b cells in baff receptor-deficient apoe mice attenuates atherosclerosis by potently ameliorating arterial inflammation. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0029371"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.111.248542","article-title":"B1a b lymphocytes are atheroprotective by secreting natural igm that increases igm deposits and reduces necrotic cores in atherosclerotic lesions","volume":"109","author":"Kyaw","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2010.11.013","article-title":"Mzb1 protein regulates calcium homeostasis, antibody secretion, and integrin activation in innate-like b cells","volume":"33","author":"Flach","year":"2010","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-003-1086-z","article-title":"Cats and hats: The slc7 family of amino acid transporters","volume":"447","author":"Verrey","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pflug. Arch."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"T25","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-14-0404","article-title":"20 years of leptin: Connecting leptin signaling to biological function","volume":"223","author":"Allison","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.112.300543","article-title":"Locally applied leptin induces regional aortic wall degeneration preceding aneurysm formation in apolipoprotein e-deficient mice","volume":"33","author":"Tao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arter. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e001727","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.112.001727","article-title":"Leptin locally synthesized in carotid atherosclerotic plaques could be associated with lesion instability and cerebral emboli","volume":"1","author":"Schneiderman","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2007.01.040","article-title":"Leptin deficiency suppresses progression of atherosclerosis in apoe-deficient mice","volume":"196","author":"Chiba","year":"2008","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e119","DOI":"10.1161\/atvb.25.8.1634","article-title":"Recombinant leptin promotes atherosclerosis and thrombosis in apolipoprotein e-deficient mice","volume":"25","author":"Bodary","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arter. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2013.12.007","article-title":"Diabetes and abdominal aortic aneurysms","volume":"47","author":"Farchioni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2019.05.055","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes mellitus reduces clinical complications and mortality in stanford type b aortic dissection after thoracic endovascular aortic repair: A 3-year follow-up study","volume":"230","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.2174\/1570161111311030003","article-title":"Diabetes as a negative risk factor for abdominal aortic aneurysm\u2014Does the disease aetiology or the treatment provide the mechanism of protection?","volume":"11","author":"Torsney","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Vasc. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1067\/mva.2002.121071","article-title":"Differential gene expression in human abdominal aorta: Aneurysmal versus occlusive disease","volume":"35","author":"Armstrong","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12984","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.3848","article-title":"Differential gene expression in human abdominal aortic aneurysm and aortic occlusive disease","volume":"6","author":"Biros","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2016.03.016","article-title":"Microarray-based gene expression profiling of abdominal aortic aneurysm","volume":"52","author":"Butt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lenk, G.M., Tromp, G., Weinsheimer, S., Gatalica, Z., Berguer, R., and Kuivaniemi, H. (2007). Whole genome expression profiling reveals a significant role for immune function in human abdominal aortic aneurysms. BMC Genom., 8.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-8-237"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1636","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.13634","article-title":"Atherosclerosis and aortic aneurysm\u2014Is inflammation a common denominator?","volume":"283","author":"Peshkova","year":"2016","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.3400\/avd.oa.17-00114","article-title":"Characterization of smad2 activation in human thoracic aortic aneurysm","volume":"11","author":"Fukuda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Vasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosissup.2018.08.002","article-title":"Notch, bmp and wnt\/beta-catenin network is impaired in endothelial cells of the patients with thoracic aortic aneurysm","volume":"35","author":"Kostina","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atheroscler Suppl."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2011.08.079","article-title":"Novel myh11 and acta2 mutations reveal a role for enhanced tgfbeta signaling in ftaad","volume":"165","author":"Renard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, X., Rateri, D.L., Howatt, D.A., Balakrishnan, A., Moorleghen, J.J., Cassis, L.A., and Daugherty, A. (2016). Tgf-beta neutralization enhances angii-induced aortic rupture and aneurysm in both thoracic and abdominal regions. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0153811"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI38136","article-title":"Tgf-beta activity protects against inflammatory aortic aneurysm progression and complications in angiotensin ii-infused mice","volume":"120","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2102","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.117.309401","article-title":"Tgf-beta (transforming growth factor-beta) signaling protects the thoracic and abdominal aorta from angiotensin ii-induced pathology by distinct mechanisms","volume":"37","author":"Angelov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arter. Thromb Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2012.01.004","article-title":"Downregulation of transforming growth factor, beta receptor 2 and notch signaling pathway in human abdominal aortic aneurysm","volume":"221","author":"Biros","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.113.300675","article-title":"Genetics of thoracic aortic aneurysm: At the crossroad of transforming growth factor-beta signaling and vascular smooth muscle cell contractility","volume":"113","author":"Gillis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd3810","article-title":"Targeting the tgfbeta signalling pathway in disease","volume":"11","author":"Akhurst","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20150723","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20150723","article-title":"The prevalence and significance of thoracic findings in patients undergoing extended coverage computed tomography for assessment of abdominal aortic aneurysms","volume":"89","author":"Karkhanis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1007\/s10554-015-0807-7","article-title":"Evaluation for abdominal aortic aneurysms is justified in patients with thoracic aortic aneurysms","volume":"32","author":"DeFreitas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J. Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2019.05.004","article-title":"Systematic review of the management of mycotic aortic aneurysms","volume":"58","author":"Sorelius","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Vasc Endovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.030389","article-title":"Proefferocytic therapy promotes transforming growth factor-beta signaling and prevents aneurysm formation","volume":"137","author":"Kojima","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2171","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.117.309999","article-title":"Tgfbeta (transforming growth factor-beta) blockade induces a human-like disease in a nondissecting mouse model of abdominal aortic aneurysm","volume":"37","author":"Lareyre","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arter. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carpath.2012.07.005","article-title":"Transforming growth factor-beta and abdominal aortic aneurysms","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Pathol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2308-3425\/6\/4\/38\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:31:21Z","timestamp":1760189481000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2308-3425\/6\/4\/38"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,1]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["jcdd6040038"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcdd6040038","relation":{},"ISSN":["2308-3425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2308-3425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,1]]}}}