{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T10:03:03Z","timestamp":1789639383092,"version":"4.0.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,17]],"date-time":"2022-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647475200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCDD"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Maternal mortality in the United States has been on the rise. Every year, about 700 women die from pregnancy-related complications. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) accounts for a large majority of pregnancy-related deaths driven by the lack of recognition and delays in diagnosis due to the overlap of normal pregnancy symptoms with those of CVD. Risk factors for CVD including race, advanced maternal age, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, socioeconomic status, and geographic region play an important role in CVD-related deaths. Several risk assessment models are available to stratify women with a known diagnosis of CVD. However, most women who die from CVD during pregnancy or the postpartum period do not have a prior diagnosis of CVD, and cardiomyopathy is an important contributor. The California Maternal Quality Care Collaborative (CMQCC) developed an algorithm to screen all pregnant and postpartum women to allow stratification into low or high risk for CVD. The algorithm has been validated in diverse patient populations. We propose universal CVD screening for all women in the antepartum and postpartum period to identify women at risk and to provide education and awareness for both patients and healthcare providers. This screening tool would work to reduce the increasing rates of severe maternal mortality and morbidity while having a significant impact on healthcare costs in the United States.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd9030089","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,20]],"date-time":"2022-03-20T21:30:14Z","timestamp":1647811814000},"page":"89","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Screening for Cardiovascular Disease in Pregnancy: Is There a Need?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Melissa E.","family":"Chambers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2473-9702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Madushka Y.","family":"De Zoysa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal Fetal Medicine, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Afshan B.","family":"Hameed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal Fetal Medicine, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"CDC (2022, January 20). Pregnancy-Related Deaths, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/reproductivehealth\/maternalinfanthealth\/pregnancy-relatedmortality.htm."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"CDC (2022, January 20). Pregnancy Mortality Surveillance System. Maternal and Infant Health, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/reproductivehealth\/maternal-mortality\/pregnancy-mortality-surveillance-system.htm#causes."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Improving Health Care Response to Cardiovascular Disease in Pregnancy and Postpartum (2022, January 20). California Maternal Quality Care Collaborative. Available online: https:\/\/www.cmqcc.org\/resource\/improving-health-care-response-cardiovascular-disease-pregnancy-and-postpartum."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"CDC (2022, January 20). Severe Maternal Morbidity in the United States. Pregnancy. 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Cost-effectiveness of a statewide public health intervention to reduce cardiovascular disease risk. BMC Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7573-8"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000001981","article-title":"Maternal cardiovascular mortality in Illinois, 2002\u20132011","volume":"129","author":"Briller","year":"2017","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.01.039","article-title":"Preventing Complications in Pregnant Women with Cardiac Disease","volume":"75","author":"Pfaller","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Paula, K., and CDPH (2021). CA-PMSS California Pregnancy-Related Deaths, 2008\u20132016, Public Health Institute."}],"container-title":["Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2308-3425\/9\/3\/89\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:38:05Z","timestamp":1760135885000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2308-3425\/9\/3\/89"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,17]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["jcdd9030089"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcdd9030089","relation":{},"ISSN":["2308-3425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2308-3425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,17]]}}}