{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T05:09:27Z","timestamp":1790053767124,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":149,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,19]],"date-time":"2022-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647648000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCDD"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Interestingly, male and female patients with CVD exhibit distinct epidemiological and pathophysiological characteristics, implying a potentially important role for primary and secondary sex determination factors in heart development, aging, disease and therapeutic responses. Here, we provide a concise review of the field and discuss current gaps in knowledge as a step towards elucidating the \u201csex determination\u2013heart axis\u201d. We specifically focus on cardiovascular manifestations of abnormal sex determination in humans, such as in Turner and Klinefelter syndromes, as well as on the differences in cardiac regenerative potential between species with plastic and non-plastic sexual phenotypes. Sex-biased cardiac repair mechanisms are also discussed with a focus on the role of the steroid hormone 17\u03b2-estradiol. Understanding the \u201csex determination\u2013heart axis\u201d may offer new therapeutic possibilities for enhanced cardiac regeneration and\/or repair post-injury.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd9030090","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,20]],"date-time":"2022-03-20T21:30:14Z","timestamp":1647811814000},"page":"90","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Sex-Related Effects on Cardiac Development and Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Georgios","family":"Siokatas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ioanna","family":"Papatheodorou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angeliki","family":"Daiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7889-9648","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antigone","family":"Lazou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konstantinos E.","family":"Hatzistergos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"},{"name":"Department of Cell Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Fl 33136, USA"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Fl 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8187-0176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgios","family":"Kararigas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"GBD 2017 Causes of Death Collaborators (2018). Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980\u20132017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet, 392, 1736\u20131788."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e254","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000950","article-title":"Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics\u20142021 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association","volume":"143","author":"Virani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20160379","article-title":"En route to precision medicine through the integration of biological sex into pharmacogenomics","volume":"131","author":"Gaignebet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"149","article-title":"Why the study of the effects of biological sex is important","volume":"52","author":"Kararigas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comment. Ann. Dell Ist. Super. Sanita"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-018-1612-6","article-title":"Large-scale in silico identification of drugs exerting sex-specific effects in the heart","volume":"16","author":"Cui","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5270","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.14951","article-title":"Ageing, sex, and cardioprotection","volume":"177","author":"Boengler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759735","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.759735","article-title":"Role of Biological Sex in the Cardiovascular-Gut Microbiome Axis","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.12362","article-title":"Pharmacogenomics, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics: Interaction with biological differences between men and women","volume":"171","author":"Franconi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-020-00895-5","article-title":"H3K27ac acetylome signatures reveal the epigenomic reorganization in remodeled non-failing human hearts","volume":"12","author":"Pei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Epigenetics"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00021.2015","article-title":"Mechanistic Pathways of Sex Differences in Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"97","author":"Kararigas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg2415","article-title":"Sex-specific genetic architecture of human disease","volume":"9","author":"Ober","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-017-0152-8","article-title":"The protective role of estrogen and estrogen receptors in cardiovascular disease and the controversial use of estrogen therapy","volume":"8","author":"Iorga","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol. Sex Differ."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.110.236687","article-title":"Estrogen signaling and cardiovascular disease","volume":"109","author":"Murphy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/2042-6410-5-6","article-title":"Estrogen regulation of protein expression and signaling pathways in the heart","volume":"5","author":"Murphy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol. Sex Differ."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.115.305376","article-title":"The Expanding Complexity of Estrogen Receptor Signaling in the Cardiovascular System","volume":"118","author":"Menazza","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00733","article-title":"Non-genomic Effects of Estrogen on Cell Homeostasis and Remodeling With Special Focus on Cardiac Ischemia\/Reperfusion Injury","volume":"10","author":"Puglisi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.00141","article-title":"Editorial: New Insights into Estrogen\/Estrogen Receptor Effects in the Cardiac and Skeletal Muscle","volume":"11","author":"Lowe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beikoghli Kalkhoran, S., and Kararigas, G. (2022). Oestrogenic Regulation of Mitochondrial Dynamics. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031118"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.303577","article-title":"The Biological Basis for Cardiac Repair After Myocardial Infarction: From Inflammation to Fibrosis","volume":"119","author":"Prabhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Daiou, A., Petalidou, K., Siokatas, G., Papadopoulos, E.I., and Hatzistergos, K.E. (2021). Developmental and Regenerative Biology of Cardiomyocytes. Int. J. Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-19-0413","article-title":"Estrogen accelerates heart regeneration by promoting the inflammatory response in zebrafish","volume":"245","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2021.01.014","article-title":"Extreme autotomy and whole-body regeneration in photosynthetic sea slugs","volume":"31","author":"Mitoh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06519","article-title":"The adaptive significance of temperature-dependent sex determination in a reptile","volume":"451","author":"Warner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1159\/000485270","article-title":"Sex Determination and Sex Chromosomes in Amphibia","volume":"11","author":"Miura","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sex. Dev."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2019.02.004","article-title":"Genetic Control of Gonadal Sex Determination and Development","volume":"35","author":"Stevant","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Genet."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.ctdb.2019.02.004","article-title":"Genetic regulation of sex determination and maintenance in zebrafish (Danio rerio)","volume":"134","author":"Kossack","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvx066","article-title":"Sex in basic research: Concepts in the cardiovascular field","volume":"113","author":"Dworatzek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2017.189","article-title":"Sex-specific differences in hypertension and associated cardiovascular disease","volume":"14","author":"Colafella","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.293.4.477","article-title":"Angina with \u201cnormal\u201d coronary arteries: A changing philosophy","volume":"293","author":"Bugiardini","year":"2005","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000984","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.114.000984","article-title":"Trends in the clinical and pathological characteristics of cardiac rupture in patients with acute myocardial infarction over 35 years","volume":"3","author":"Honda","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.1227","article-title":"Sex differences in mortality following acute coronary syndromes","volume":"302","author":"Berger","year":"2009","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199907223410401","article-title":"Sex-based differences in early mortality after myocardial infarction. National Registry of Myocardial Infarction 2 Participants","volume":"341","author":"Vaccarino","year":"1999","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.011988","article-title":"Sudden cardiac arrest during sports activity in middle age","volume":"131","author":"Marijon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(94)90437-5","article-title":"Impact of chamber geometry and gender on left ventricular systolic function in patients > 60 years of age with aortic stenosis","volume":"74","author":"Aurigemma","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.86.4.1099","article-title":"Sex-associated differences in left ventricular function in aortic stenosis of the elderly","volume":"86","author":"Carroll","year":"1992","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.73.6.548","article-title":"Gender differences in left ventricle geometry and function in patients undergoing balloon dilatation of the aortic valve for isolated aortic stenosis. NHLBI Balloon Valvuloplasty Registry","volume":"73","author":"Douglas","year":"1995","journal-title":"Br. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2008.12.024","article-title":"Gender differences of echocardiographic and gene expression patterns in human pressure overload left ventricular hypertrophy","volume":"46","author":"Villar","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a060749","article-title":"Sex-dependent differences in left ventricular function and structure in chronic pressure overload","volume":"16","author":"Villari","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-668X(02)00823-0","article-title":"The EuroHeart Failure survey programme-- a survey on the quality of care among patients with heart failure in Europe. Part 1: Patient characteristics and diagnosis","volume":"24","author":"Cleland","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.171","article-title":"Sex-dependent regulation of fibrosis and inflammation in human left ventricular remodelling under pressure overload","volume":"16","author":"Kararigas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2019.11.026","article-title":"Sex-Specific Human Cardiomyocyte Gene Regulation in Left Ventricular Pressure Overload","volume":"95","author":"Gaignebet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00029.2021","article-title":"Sex-biased mechanisms of cardiovascular complications in COVID-19","volume":"102","author":"Kararigas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2020.09.017","article-title":"Sex-Biased Vulnerability of the Heart to COVID-19","volume":"95","author":"Ritter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.112.970061","article-title":"Sex differences in clinical characteristics and outcomes in elderly patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction: The Irbesartan in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction (I-PRESERVE) trial","volume":"5","author":"Lam","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circ. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.034271","article-title":"Sex Differences in Cardiovascular Pathophysiology: Why Women Are Overrepresented in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction","volume":"138","author":"Beale","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1002\/prca.201500031","article-title":"Effects of aging on cardiac extracellular matrix in men and women","volume":"10","author":"Dworatzek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proteom. Clin. Appl."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.12.049","article-title":"Menopause-Related Estrogen Decrease and the Pathogenesis of HFpEF: JACC Review Topic of the Week","volume":"75","author":"Sabbatini","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-020-00306-7","article-title":"Estrogen-related mechanisms in sex differences of hypertension and target organ damage","volume":"11","author":"Sabbatini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol. Sex Differ."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2014-306078","article-title":"Sex differences in cardiovascular outcome during progression of aortic valve stenosis","volume":"101","author":"Cramariuc","year":"2015","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjhf\/hfs026","article-title":"Gender and survival in patients with heart failure: Interactions with diabetes and aetiology. Results from the MAGGIC individual patient meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Doughty","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2014.06.017","article-title":"Maladaptive remodeling is associated with impaired survival in women but not in men after aortic valve replacement","volume":"7","author":"Petrov","year":"2014","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00402166","article-title":"Sevesevskij-Turner\u2019s syndrome or Turner\u2019s syndrome","volume":"38","author":"Lonberg","year":"1977","journal-title":"Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G1","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-17-0430","article-title":"Clinical practice guidelines for the care of girls and women with Turner syndrome: Proceedings from the 2016 Cincinnati International Turner Syndrome Meeting","volume":"177","author":"Gravholt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0036-1585083","article-title":"The Effects of Turner Syndrome, 45,X on Obstetric and Neonatal Outcomes: A Retrospective Cohort Evaluation","volume":"33","author":"Humphrey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.60.1.69","article-title":"Hypoplastic left heart syndrome and 45X karyotype","volume":"60","author":"Orye","year":"1988","journal-title":"Br. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(19970120)68:2<135::AID-AJMG3>3.0.CO;2-O","article-title":"Developmental analysis of cardiovascular system of 45,X fetuses with cystic hygroma","volume":"68","author":"Miyabara","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.151","article-title":"Turner\u2019s syndrome in fetal life","volume":"22","author":"Surerus","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-12-0434","article-title":"Cardiovascular findings and management in Turner syndrome: Insights from a French cohort","volume":"167","author":"Donadille","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1136\/jmedgenet-2013-101720","article-title":"Bicuspid aortic valve and aortic coarctation are linked to deletion of the X chromosome short arm in Turner syndrome","volume":"50","author":"Bondy","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Med. Genet."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.c.31686","article-title":"The genetic basis of Turner syndrome aortopathy","volume":"181","author":"Corbitt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet. C Semin. Med. Genet."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corbitt, H., Morris, S.A., Gravholt, C.H., Mortensen, K.H., Tippner-Hedges, R., Silberbach, M., Maslen, C.L., and Gen, T.A.C.R.I. (2018). TIMP3 and TIMP1 are risk genes for bicuspid aortic valve and aortopathy in Turner syndrome. PLoS Genet., 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1007692"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2011.07.002","article-title":"The National Registry of Genetically Triggered Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms and Cardiovascular Conditions (GenTAC): Results from phase I and scientific opportunities in phase II","volume":"162","author":"Kroner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Altinbas, L., Bormann, N., Lehmann, D., Jeuthe, S., Wulsten, D., Kornak, U., Robinson, P.N., Wildemann, B., and Kararigas, G. (2019). Assessment of Bones Deficient in Fibrillin-1 Microfibrils Reveals Pronounced Sex Differences. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20236059"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2526","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.14137","article-title":"An integrative systems approach identifies novel candidates in Marfan syndrome-related pathophysiology","volume":"23","author":"Bhushan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-018-0477-0","article-title":"Epigenetics in Turner syndrome","volume":"10","author":"Lanes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Epigenetics"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, R., Hao, L., Wang, L., Chen, M., Li, W., Li, R., Yu, J., Xiao, J., and Wu, J. (2013). Gene expression analysis of induced pluripotent stem cells from aneuploid chromosomal syndromes. BMC Genom., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-14-S5-S8"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rajpathak, S.N., Vellarikkal, S.K., Patowary, A., Scaria, V., Sivasubbu, S., and Deobagkar, D.D. (2014). Human 45,X fibroblast transcriptome reveals distinct differentially expressed genes including long noncoding RNAs potentially associated with the pathophysiology of Turner syndrome. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0100076"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34220","DOI":"10.1038\/srep34220","article-title":"Widespread DNA hypomethylation and differential gene expression in Turner syndrome","volume":"6","author":"Trolle","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1038\/emboj.2010.37","article-title":"UTX mediates demethylation of H3K27me3 at muscle-specific genes during myogenesis","volume":"29","author":"Seenundun","year":"2010","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2011.11.009","article-title":"UTX, a histone H3-lysine 27 demethylase, acts as a critical switch to activate the cardiac developmental program","volume":"22","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2021.09.022","article-title":"Cardiac proteomics reveals sex chromosome-dependent differences between males and females that arise prior to gonad formation","volume":"56","author":"Shi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1038\/351406a0","article-title":"X-chromosome inactivation may explain the difference in viability of XO humans and mice","volume":"351","author":"Ashworth","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14180","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.25.14180","article-title":"Escapees on the X chromosome","volume":"96","author":"Disteche","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1159\/000071572","article-title":"Escape from X inactivation","volume":"99","author":"Disteche","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cytogenet. Genome Res."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03479","article-title":"X-inactivation profile reveals extensive variability in X-linked gene expression in females","volume":"434","author":"Carrel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddr435","article-title":"Modeling abnormal early development with induced pluripotent stem cells from aneuploid syndromes","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1220","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-0776","article-title":"Prolonged rate-corrected QT interval and other electrocardiogram abnormalities in girls with Turner syndrome","volume":"118","author":"Bondy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.c.31672","article-title":"How do genes that escape from X-chromosome inactivation contribute to Turner syndrome?","volume":"181","author":"Peeters","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet. C Semin. Med. Genet."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvx223","article-title":"Gender and cardiovascular disease: Are sex-biased microRNA networks a driving force behind heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in women?","volume":"114","author":"Florijn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1080\/13697137.2018.1501674","article-title":"Endocrinopathies and cardiopathies in patients with Turner syndrome","volume":"21","author":"Allybocus","year":"2018","journal-title":"Climacteric"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-2382","article-title":"Clinical review: Klinefelter syndrome--a clinical update","volume":"98","author":"Groth","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-0145","article-title":"The metabolic syndrome is frequent in Klinefelter\u2019s syndrome and is associated with abdominal obesity and hypogonadism","volume":"29","author":"Bojesen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2008.03211.x","article-title":"Left ventricular dysfunction in Klinefelter syndrome is associated to insulin resistance, abdominal adiposity and hypogonadism","volume":"69","author":"Andersen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2012.09.215","article-title":"Cardiovascular abnormalities in Klinefelter syndrome","volume":"168","author":"Pasquali","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-021491","article-title":"Prenatal and postnatal prevalence of Klinefelter syndrome: A national registry study","volume":"88","author":"Bojesen","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2188","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1077857","article-title":"Heart regeneration in zebrafish","volume":"298","author":"Poss","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1200708","article-title":"Transient regenerative potential of the neonatal mouse heart","volume":"331","author":"Porrello","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2809","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.034886","article-title":"Regenerative Potential of Neonatal Porcine Hearts","volume":"138","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2333","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx343","article-title":"Cardiomyocyte renewal in the human heart: Insights from the fall-out","volume":"38","author":"Lazar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1164680","article-title":"Evidence for cardiomyocyte renewal in humans","volume":"324","author":"Bergmann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4143","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-020-02915-y","article-title":"Shedding new light on early sex determination in zebrafish","volume":"94","author":"King","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2017.08.005","article-title":"Zebrafish sex differentiation and gonad development: A review on the impact of environmental factors","volume":"191","author":"Santos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liew, W.C., Bartfai, R., Lim, Z., Sreenivasan, R., Siegfried, K.R., and Orban, L. (2012). Polygenic sex determination system in zebrafish. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0034397"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e015672","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.119.015672","article-title":"Molecular and Cellular Differences in Cardiac Repair of Male and Female Mice","volume":"9","author":"Pullen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1111\/wrr.12812","article-title":"Sex differences in murine myocutaneous flap revascularization","volume":"28","author":"Brandenburg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Wound Repair Regen."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.117.312586","article-title":"Mechanisms of Cardiac Repair and Regeneration","volume":"122","author":"Broughton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4790563","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/4790563","article-title":"Sex Differences of Human Cardiac Progenitor Cells in the Biological Response to TNF-alpha Treatment","volume":"2017","author":"Straface","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"I282","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.001164","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 signaling resistance in the female myocardium during ischemia","volume":"114","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2019.01.001","article-title":"Estrogen receptor signaling mechanisms","volume":"116","author":"Fuentes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Protein Chem. Struct. Biol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2021.09.020","article-title":"Oestrogenic contribution to sex-biased left ventricular remodelling: The male implication","volume":"343","author":"Kararigas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"da Silva, J.S., Montagnoli, T.L., Rocha, B.S., Tacco, M., Marinho, S.C.P., and Zapata-Sudo, G. (2021). Estrogen Receptors: Therapeutic Perspectives for the Treatment of Cardiac Dysfunction after Myocardial Infarction. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22020525"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2010.05.001","article-title":"Estrogen receptor activation and cardioprotection in ischemia reperfusion injury","volume":"20","author":"Deschamps","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-016-0104-8","article-title":"Reduction of apoptosis and preservation of mitochondrial integrity under ischemia\/reperfusion injury is mediated by estrogen receptor beta","volume":"7","author":"Schubert","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol. Sex Differ."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00310","article-title":"The Role of 17beta-Estradiol and Estrogen Receptors in Regulation of Ca2+ Channels and Mitochondrial Function in Cardiomyocytes","volume":"10","author":"Mahmoodzadeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00442","article-title":"Estrogen Contributions to Microvascular Dysfunction Evolving to Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction","volume":"10","author":"Sickinghe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00557","article-title":"Estrogens, Estrogen Receptors Effects on Cardiac and Skeletal Muscle Mitochondria","volume":"10","author":"Piquereau","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00622","article-title":"Influences of Sex and Estrogen in Arterial and Valvular Calcification","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5829","DOI":"10.1021\/pr500749j","article-title":"Comparative Proteomic Analysis Reveals Sex and Estrogen Receptor beta Effects in the Pressure Overloaded Heart","volume":"13","author":"Kararigas","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.11.011","article-title":"Estrogen modulates cardiac growth through an estrogen receptor alpha-dependent mechanism in healthy ovariectomized mice","volume":"382","author":"Kararigas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2667","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2013-2180","article-title":"Genetic background defines the regulation of postnatal cardiac growth by 17beta-estradiol through a beta-catenin mechanism","volume":"155","author":"Kararigas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1152\/physiolgenomics.00199.2010","article-title":"Role of the estrogen\/estrogen-receptor-beta axis in the genomic response to pressure overload-induced hypertrophy","volume":"43","author":"Kararigas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Physiol. Genom."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-019-0222-1","article-title":"Sex-specific regulation of cardiac microRNAs targeting mitochondrial proteins in pressure overload","volume":"10","author":"Queiros","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol. Sex Differ."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00395-016-0590-1","article-title":"17beta-Estradiol-induced interaction of estrogen receptor alpha and human atrial essential myosin light chain modulates cardiac contractile function","volume":"112","author":"Duft","year":"2017","journal-title":"Basic Res. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E724","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00439.2015","article-title":"Estradiol modulates myosin regulatory light chain phosphorylation and contractility in skeletal muscle of female mice","volume":"310","author":"Lai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvs281","article-title":"17beta-Estradiol-induced interaction of ERalpha with NPPA regulates gene expression in cardiomyocytes","volume":"96","author":"Mahmoodzadeh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1007\/s12263-012-0323-5","article-title":"Dose-dependent effects of a genistein-enriched diet in the heart of ovariectomized mice","volume":"8","author":"Nguyen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Genes Nutr."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1280228","article-title":"Long-term treatment of ovariectomized mice with estradiol or phytoestrogens as a new model to study the role of estrogenic substances in the heart","volume":"78","author":"Nguyen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2011.09.054","article-title":"Transcriptome characterization of estrogen-treated human myocardium identifies Myosin regulatory light chain interacting protein as a sex-specific element influencing contractile function","volume":"59","author":"Kararigas","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/2042-6410-1-2","article-title":"Sex-specific modification of progesterone receptor expression by 17beta-oestradiol in human cardiac tissues","volume":"1","author":"Kararigas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol. Sex Differ."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hein, S., Hassel, D., and Kararigas, G. (2019). The Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Is a Relevant Model for Studying Sex-Specific Effects of 17beta-Estradiol in the Adult Heart. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20246287"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1597","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00825.2009","article-title":"Female sex and estrogen receptor-beta attenuate cardiac remodeling and apoptosis in pressure overload","volume":"298","author":"Fliegner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.09.002","article-title":"Sex- and estrogen-dependent regulation of a miRNA network in the healthy and hypertrophied heart","volume":"169","author":"Queiros","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardiores.2007.03.025","article-title":"Gender-based differences in mechanisms of protection in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury","volume":"75","author":"Murphy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-19-0108","article-title":"N-acetylcysteine with low-dose estrogen reduces cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury","volume":"242","author":"Sivasinprasasn","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H2766","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.2000.279.6.H2766","article-title":"Effect of estrogen on global myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in female rats","volume":"279","author":"Zhai","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1006\/jmcc.2000.1167","article-title":"Cardioprotective effects of 17 beta-estradiol produced by activation ofmitochondrial ATP-sensitive K+ Channels in canine hearts","volume":"32","author":"Lee","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00395-019-0759-5","article-title":"Mitochondrial connexin 43 in sex-dependent myocardial responses and estrogen-mediated cardiac protection following acute ischemia\/reperfusion injury","volume":"115","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Basic Res. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, T., Liu, H., and Kim, J.K. (2016). Estrogen Protects the Female Heart from Ischemia\/Reperfusion Injury through Manganese Superoxide Dismutase Phosphorylation by Mitochondrial p38beta at Threonine 79 and Serine 106. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0167761"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardiores.2005.11.031","article-title":"Estrogen improves cardiac recovery after ischemia\/reperfusion by decreasing tumor necrosis factor-alpha","volume":"69","author":"Xu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.2001.5519","article-title":"Estrogen effects in the myocardium: Inhibition of NF-kappaB DNA binding by estrogen receptor-alpha and -beta","volume":"286","author":"Pelzer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.2000.2073","article-title":"17beta-estradiol prevents programmed cell death in cardiac myocytes","volume":"268","author":"Pelzer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2017.04.004","article-title":"Non-nuclear estrogen receptor alpha activation in endothelium reduces cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice","volume":"107","author":"Menazza","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2983","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.102.24.2983","article-title":"Effects of estrogen replacement on infarct size, cardiac remodeling, and the endothelin system after myocardial infarction in ovariectomized rats","volume":"102","author":"Smith","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2006.01.002","article-title":"Estrogen replacement and cardiomyocyte protection","volume":"16","author":"Patten","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000144126.57786.89","article-title":"17beta-estradiol reduces cardiomyocyte apoptosis in vivo and in vitro via activation of phospho-inositide-3 kinase\/Akt signaling","volume":"95","author":"Patten","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1038\/35035131","article-title":"Interaction of oestrogen receptor with the regulatory subunit of phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase","volume":"407","author":"Simoncini","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2124","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2014-1362","article-title":"MiR-22\/Sp-1 Links Estrogens With the Up-Regulation of Cystathionine gamma-Lyase in Myocardium, Which Contributes to Estrogenic Cardioprotection Against Oxidative Stress","volume":"156","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.01242","article-title":"Estrogen Therapy Worsens Cardiac Function and Remodeling and Reverses the Effects of Exercise Training After Myocardial Infarction in Ovariectomized Female Rats","volume":"9","author":"Claudio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2084","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(03)00423-6","article-title":"17-beta-estradiol increases cardiac remodeling and mortality in mice with myocardial infarction","volume":"41","author":"Patten","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-010-0102-8","article-title":"Effects of estrogen on diverse stem cells and relevant intracellular mechanisms","volume":"53","author":"Sun","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sci. China Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2019.06.007","article-title":"Mechanism of 17beta-estradiol stimulated integration of human mesenchymal stem cells in heart tissue","volume":"133","author":"Mihai","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2008.02.006","article-title":"Estradiol-treated mesenchymal stem cells improve myocardial recovery after ischemia","volume":"152","author":"Erwin","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.553925","article-title":"Estradiol enhances recovery after myocardial infarction by augmenting incorporation of bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells into sites of ischemia-induced neovascularization via endothelial nitric oxide synthase-mediated activation of matrix metalloproteinase-9","volume":"113","author":"Iwakura","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2014.04.002","article-title":"Estradiol treatment promotes cardiac stem cell (CSC)-derived growth factors, thus improving CSC-mediated cardioprotection after acute ischemia\/reperfusion","volume":"156","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1093\/abbs\/gmy127","article-title":"17beta-estradiol promotes recovery after myocardial infarction by enhancing homing and angiogenic capacity of bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells through ERalpha-SDF-1\/CXCR4 crosstalking","volume":"50","author":"Yuan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Biochim. Biophys. Sin."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2011.05.074","article-title":"17beta-Estradiol enhances the recruitment of bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells into infarcted myocardium by inducing CXCR4 expression","volume":"162","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hasan, A.S., Luo, L., Baba, S., and Li, T.S. (2021). Estrogen is required for maintaining the quality of cardiac stem cells. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0245166"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2014.07.013","article-title":"Sex-dependent gene expression in human pluripotent stem cells","volume":"8","author":"Ronen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00013.2005","article-title":"Cardiac stem cells and mechanisms of myocardial regeneration","volume":"85","author":"Leri","year":"2005","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."}],"container-title":["Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2308-3425\/9\/3\/90\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:39:34Z","timestamp":1760135974000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2308-3425\/9\/3\/90"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,19]]},"references-count":149,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["jcdd9030090"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcdd9030090","relation":{},"ISSN":["2308-3425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2308-3425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,19]]}}}