{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T06:23:39Z","timestamp":1790835819453,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":174,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,19]],"date-time":"2022-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650326400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004411","name":"Heart and Stroke Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G-17-0019170"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G-17-0019170"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004411","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001674","name":"Fondation Leducq","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["12CVD03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12CVD03"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001674","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000156","name":"Fonds de Recherche du Qu\u00e9bec - Sant\u00e9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["27335"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["27335"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000156","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCDD"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The endocardium is a specialized form of endothelium that lines the inner side of the heart chambers and plays a crucial role in cardiac development. While comparatively less studied than other cardiac cell types, much progress has been made in understanding the regulation of and by the endocardium over the past two decades. In this review, we will summarize what is currently known regarding endocardial origin and development, the relationship between endocardium and other cardiac cell types, and the various lineages that endocardial cells derive from and contribute to. These processes are driven by key molecular mechanisms such as Notch and BMP signaling. These pathways in particular have been well studied, but other signaling pathways and mechanical cues also play important roles. Finally, we will touch on the contribution of stem cell modeling in combination with single cell sequencing and its potential translational impact for congenital heart defects such as bicuspid aortic valves and hypoplastic left heart syndrome. The detailed understanding of cellular and molecular processes in the endocardium will be vital to further develop representative stem cell-derived models for disease modeling and regenerative medicine in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd9050122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,19]],"date-time":"2022-04-19T22:07:26Z","timestamp":1650406046000},"page":"122","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Endocardial Regulation of Cardiac Development"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Lara","family":"Feulner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Genetics, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick Piet","family":"van Vliet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Genetics, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada"},{"name":"LIA (International Associated Laboratory) CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada"},{"name":"LIA (International Associated Laboratory) INSERM, 13885 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9055-7563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michel","family":"Puceat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LIA (International Associated Laboratory) CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada"},{"name":"LIA (International Associated Laboratory) INSERM, 13885 Marseille, France"},{"name":"INSERM U-1251, Marseille Medical Genetics, Aix-Marseille University, 13885 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregor","family":"Andelfinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Genetics, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-018-0086-9","article-title":"The deployment of cell lineages that form the mammalian heart","volume":"15","author":"Meilhac","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. 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