{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T11:43:34Z","timestamp":1786707814670,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]],"date-time":"2022-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650844800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCDD"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Coronary artery disease (CAD) may be considered a main cause of mortality and the prevalence of CAD is increasing nowadays, leading to high health costs in many countries. Despite the fact of the regression of the atherosclerotic plaque, the decrease in blood viscosity and the growth of collateral vessels have been proposed as improvements that CAD patients may obtain under exercise performance. Thus, the present narrative review aimed to carry out a brief specific analysis of the results achieved when performing endurance, strength or inspiratory muscle training. Exercise attenuates certain pathophysiological processes of this disease, such as endothelial dysfunction or the vulnerability of atherosclerotic plaques, and produces improvements in functional capacity and muscle strength, among others. Within the different exercise modalities, the most important parameter to be considered seems to be the total caloric expenditure, and not so much the modality itself. As such, in cardiac rehabilitation, when prescribing exercise, we should possibly focus on the modality that obtains more adherence in patients. To conclude, it must be highlighted that total caloric expenditure is not being taken into account when comparing interventions and this relevant information should be considered in future studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd9050131","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]],"date-time":"2022-04-25T21:16:28Z","timestamp":1650921388000},"page":"131","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Exercise Training and Interventions for Coronary Artery Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Hugo","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Rubio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Nursing, Physical therapy and Podiatry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Becerro-de-Bengoa-Vallejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Nursing, Physical therapy and Podiatry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Sanz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Nursing, Physical therapy and Podiatry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6569-1311","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9sar","family":"Calvo-Lobo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Nursing, Physical therapy and Podiatry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1467-4175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davinia","family":"Vicente-Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarc\u00f3n, 28223 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0259-4741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 L\u00f3pez","family":"Chicharro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo FEBIO, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"76","article-title":"Coronary vasomotion and exercise-induced adaptations in coronary artery disease patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"Ahmadi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Res. Med. Sci. Off. J. Isfahan Univ. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2014.10.006","article-title":"Benefits of exercise training on coronary blood flow in coronary artery disease patients","volume":"57","author":"Bruning","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S42","DOI":"10.3109\/09638288.2010.511691","article-title":"Functioning and disability in ischaemic heart disease","volume":"32","author":"Racca","year":"2010","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1177\/1474515116684407","article-title":"Effectiveness of endurance exercise training in patients with coronary artery disease: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cardiovasc. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/HJR.0b013e3283313592","article-title":"Secondary prevention through cardiac rehabilitation: From knowledge to implementation. A position paper from the Cardiac Rehabilitation Section of the European Association of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation","volume":"17","author":"Piepoli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cardiovasc. Prev. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2015.10.044","article-title":"Exercise-Based Cardiac Rehabilitation for Coronary Heart Disease: Cochrane Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"67","author":"Anderson","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2011.07.017","article-title":"Efficacy of exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation post-myocardial infarction: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"162","author":"Lawler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.2741\/2689","article-title":"Effects of exercise training upon endothelial function in patients with cardiovascular disease","volume":"13","author":"Linke","year":"2008","journal-title":"Front. Biosci. J. Virtual Libr."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.010710","article-title":"Dose response between physical activity and risk of coronary heart disease","volume":"124","author":"Sattelmair","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00373.2011","article-title":"Ca2+ regulatory mechanisms of exercise protection against coronary artery disease in metabolic syndrome and diabetes","volume":"111","author":"Sturek","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3481","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.537878","article-title":"Pathophysiology of coronary artery disease","volume":"111","author":"Libby","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2014.05.007","article-title":"Exercise as a therapeutic intervention in patients with stable ischemic heart disease: An underfilled prescription","volume":"127","author":"Boden","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2020.1735684","article-title":"Exercise and inflammation in coronary artery disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials","volume":"38","author":"Thompson","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e007725","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.117.007725","article-title":"Physical Activity in the Prevention and Treatment of Coronary Artery Disease","volume":"7","author":"Winzer","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc. Cardiovasc. Cerebrovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.103.1.e1","article-title":"Exercise training in coronary artery disease and coronary vasomotion","volume":"103","author":"Gielen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200002173420702","article-title":"Effect of Exercise on Coronary Endothelial Function in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease","volume":"342","author":"Hambrecht","year":"2000","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.12646","article-title":"Endothelial dysfunction and vascular disease\u2014A 30th anniversary update","volume":"219","author":"Vanhoutte","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Physiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2012.12.003","article-title":"Physical exercise and its effects on coronary artery disease","volume":"13","author":"Wienbergen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01096.2007","article-title":"Importance of hemodynamic forces as signals for exercise-induced changes in endothelial cell phenotype","volume":"104","author":"Laughlin","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000028581.07992.56","article-title":"Endothelial function: A barometer for cardiovascular risk?","volume":"106","author":"Vita","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.939959","article-title":"Cardiovascular effects of exercise training: Molecular mechanisms","volume":"122","author":"Gielen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00045.2006","article-title":"Regulation of coronary blood flow during exercise","volume":"88","author":"Duncker","year":"2008","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6363(00)00308-4","article-title":"Sympathetic nerve sprouting, electrical remodeling and the mechanisms of sudden cardiac death","volume":"50","author":"Chen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1080\/14779072.2020.1813568","article-title":"Effects of physical exercise on the autonomic nervous system in patients with coronary artery disease: A systematic review","volume":"18","author":"Figueiredo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Cardiovasc. Ther."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s10286-020-00687-0","article-title":"Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation and parasympathetic function in patients with coronary artery disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"31","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Auton. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1111\/cpf.12102","article-title":"Heart rate recovery: Autonomic determinants, methods of assessment and association with mortality and cardiovascular diseases","volume":"34","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Physiol. Funct. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"394","article-title":"Parasympathetic effects on heart rate recovery after exercise","volume":"52","author":"Kannankeril","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Investig. Med. Off. Publ. Am. Fed. Clin. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.2009.047548","article-title":"Recovery of heart rate following intense dynamic exercise","volume":"95","author":"Coote","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2014.07.037","article-title":"Comparison of the physiologic and prognostic implications of the heart rate versus the RR interval","volume":"11","author":"Goldberger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2016.10.057","article-title":"Methods of assessment of the post-exercise cardiac autonomic recovery: A methodological review","volume":"227","author":"Bartels","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.04.025","article-title":"Muscle wasting in heart failure: An overview","volume":"45","author":"Steinbeck","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.882068","article-title":"Genetic deletion of myostatin from the heart prevents skeletal muscle atrophy in heart failure","volume":"121","author":"Heineke","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jjcc.2015.09.005","article-title":"Effects of resistance training on muscle strength, exercise capacity, and mobility in middle-aged and elderly patients with coronary artery disease: A meta-analysis","volume":"68","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0b013e31829b5b44","article-title":"Exercise standards for testing and training: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"128","author":"Fletcher","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487317728370","article-title":"High-intensity interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training on exercise capacity and quality of life in patients with coronary artery disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Neves","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1809","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-014-2907-9","article-title":"Effect of exercise intensity on post-exercise oxygen consumption and heart rate recovery","volume":"114","author":"Mann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487316675823","article-title":"Longer-term effects of home-based exercise interventions on exercise capacity and physical activity in coronary artery disease patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Claes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2015.08.037","article-title":"Prognostic Contribution of Exercise Capacity, Heart Rate Recovery, Chronotropic Incompetence, and Myocardial Perfusion Single-Photon Emission Computerized Tomography in the Prediction of Cardiac Death and All-Cause Mortality","volume":"116","author":"Arbit","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa011858","article-title":"Exercise Capacity and Mortality among Men Referred for Exercise Testing","volume":"346","author":"Myers","year":"2002","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2007.01807.x","article-title":"The predictive value of cardiorespiratory fitness combined with coronary risk evaluation and the risk of cardiovascular and all-cause death","volume":"262","author":"Laukkanen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"CD001800","article-title":"Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation for coronary heart disease","volume":"11","author":"Dibben","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.4330\/wjc.v13.i9.399","article-title":"Exercise-mediated adaptations in vascular function and structure: Beneficial effects in coronary artery disease","volume":"13","author":"Sakellariou","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3152","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000074229.93804.5C","article-title":"Regular physical activity improves endothelial function in patients with coronary artery disease by increasing phosphorylation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase","volume":"107","author":"Hambrecht","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1016\/j.repc.2019.02.016","article-title":"Effects of exercise on endothelial progenitor cells in patients with cardiovascular disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"38","author":"Cavalcante","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Port. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H10","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00574.2011","article-title":"The coronary circulation in exercise training","volume":"302","author":"Bowles","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2011.12.017","article-title":"Exercise intervention and inflammatory markers in coronary artery disease: A meta-analysis","volume":"163","author":"Swardfager","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2017.07.051","article-title":"The influence of training characteristics on the effect of exercise training in patients with coronary artery disease: Systematic review and meta-regression analysis","volume":"245","author":"Kraal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2016.01.207","article-title":"The influence of training characteristics on the effect of aerobic exercise training in patients with chronic heart failure: A meta-regression analysis","volume":"208","author":"Vromen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2016.12.076","article-title":"Implementing resistance training in the rehabilitation of coronary heart disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"230","author":"Xanthos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487317713329","article-title":"The effect of progressive resistance training on aerobic fitness and strength in adults with coronary heart disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","volume":"24","author":"Hollings","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1177\/1741826710393197","article-title":"Effect of combined aerobic and resistance training versus aerobic training alone in individuals with coronary artery disease: A meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Marzolini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754794","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.754794","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Resistance Training for Coronary Heart Disease Rehabilitation: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"8","author":"Fan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.821736","article-title":"Effects of Different Types of Exercise Training Followed by Detraining on Endothelium-Dependent Dilation in Patients with Recent Myocardial Infarction","volume":"119","author":"Vona","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2021.10.002","article-title":"Inspiratory muscle weakness in cardiovascular diseases: Implications for cardiac rehabilitation","volume":"70","author":"Smith","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Rubio, H., Becerro-de-Bengoa-Vallejo, R., Rodr\u00edguez-Sanz, D., Calvo-Lobo, C., Vicente-Campos, D., and Chicharro, J.L. (2021). Unraveling the Role of Respiratory Muscle Metaboloreceptors under Inspiratory Training in Patients with Heart Failure. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18041697"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fernandez-Rubio, H., Becerro-De-Bengoa-Vallejo, R., Rodr\u00edguez-Sanz, D., Calvo-Lobo, C., Vicente-Campos, D., and Chicharro, J.L. (2020). Inspiratory Muscle Training in Patients with Heart Failure. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9061710"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1586\/erc.12.191","article-title":"Inspiratory muscle training in heart disease and heart failure: A review of the literature with a focus on method of training and outcomes","volume":"11","author":"Cahalin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Cardiovasc. Ther."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1111\/chd.12586","article-title":"Effects of inspiratory muscle training in chronic heart failure patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Congenit. Heart Dis."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hfc.2014.09.002","article-title":"Breathing exercises and inspiratory muscle training in heart failure","volume":"11","author":"Cahalin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Heart Fail. Clin."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2018.12.013","article-title":"Moderate-to-high intensity inspiratory muscle training improves the effects of combined training on exercise capacity in patients after coronary artery bypass graft surgery: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"279","author":"Pereira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215506070691","article-title":"Feasibility of preoperative inspiratory muscle training in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery with a high risk of postoperative pulmonary complications: A randomized controlled pilot study","volume":"20","author":"Hulzebos","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1851","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.296.15.1851","article-title":"Preoperative intensive inspiratory muscle training to prevent postoperative pulmonary complications in high-risk patients undergoing CABG surgery: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"296","author":"Hulzebos","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2009.05.010","article-title":"Inspiratory Muscle Strength as a Determinant of Functional Capacity Early After Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery","volume":"90","author":"Stein","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehab."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1097\/HCR.0000000000000234","article-title":"Effect of Preoperative Inspiratory Muscle Training on Alveolar-Arterial Oxygen Gradients After Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery","volume":"37","author":"Turky","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cardiopulm. Rehabil. Prev."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physio.2016.02.007","article-title":"Effects of a pre-operative home-based inspiratory muscle training programme on perceived health-related quality of life in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery","volume":"103","author":"Valkenet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Physiotherapy"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.3109\/14017431.2011.595820","article-title":"Short-term effects of inspiratory muscle training in coronary artery bypass graft surgery: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"45","author":"Savci","year":"2011","journal-title":"Scand. Cardiovasc. J."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1007\/s002689900410","article-title":"Prophylactic inspiratory muscle training in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft","volume":"22","author":"Weiner","year":"1998","journal-title":"World J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.21470\/1678-9741-2018-0053","article-title":"Effects of High-Intensity Inspiratory Muscle Training Associated with Aerobic Exercise in Patients Undergoing CABG: Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"33","author":"Miozzo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Braz. J. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.5935\/1678-9741.20120063","article-title":"Inspiratory muscle training improves tidal volume and vital capacity after CABG surgery","volume":"27","author":"Matheus","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Cir. Cardiovasc."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"474","article-title":"Short-term inspiratory muscle training potentiates the benefits of aerobic and resistance training in patients undergoing CABG in phase II cardiac rehabilitation program","volume":"30","author":"Hermes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Cir. Cardiovasc."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-9842(99)00027-6","article-title":"Effects of resistive breathing on exercise capacity and diaphragm function in patients with ischaemic heart disease","volume":"1","author":"Darnley","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2020.106119","article-title":"Effects of peripheral and different inspiratory muscle training methods in coronary artery disease patients with metabolic syndrome: A randomized-controlled trial","volume":"172","author":"Muammer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1177\/1559827615625482","article-title":"Contemporary Approaches to Prescribing Exercise in Coronary Artery Disease Patients","volume":"12","author":"Brubaker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Lifestyle Med."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mytinger, M., Nelson, R.K., and Zuhl, M. (2020). Exercise Prescription Guidelines for Cardiovascular Disease Patients in the Absence of a Baseline Stress Test. J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd7020015"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"NP1","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487316653709","article-title":"2016 European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: The Sixth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (constituted by representatives of 10 societies and by invited experts): Developed with the special contribution of the European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation (EACPR)","volume":"23","author":"Piepoli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1715","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487316657669","article-title":"A review of guidelines for cardiac rehabilitation exercise programmes: Is there an international consensus?","volume":"23","author":"Price","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2308-3425\/9\/5\/131\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:00:59Z","timestamp":1760137259000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2308-3425\/9\/5\/131"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["jcdd9050131"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcdd9050131","relation":{},"ISSN":["2308-3425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2308-3425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]]}}}