{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T01:50:11Z","timestamp":1789696211574,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,9]],"date-time":"2022-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652054400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCDD"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Intraoperative hypothermia is an integral part of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), and a precise degree of hypothermia may improve the early clinical outcomes of cardiac surgery. Presently, there is no agreement on an accurate, advantageous temperature range for routine use in CPB. To address this issue, we conducted a retrospective observational study to compare the effects of different hypothermic temperature ranges on primary (inotropic support, blood loss, and platelet count) and secondary (ventilation support and in-hospital stay) outcomes in patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery. Methods: Data were retrieved from the medical database of the Cardiovascular Surgery Department, King Edward Medical University, Lahore-Pakistan (a tertiary care hospital), dating from February 2015 to December 2017. Patients were divided into mild (34 \u00b0C to 36 \u00b0C), intermediate (31 \u00b0C to 33 \u00b0C), or moderate (28 \u00b0C to 30 \u00b0C) hypothermic groups. Results: Out of 275 patients, 245 (89.09%) fit the inclusion criteria. The cohort with mild hypothermic CPB temperatures presented better clinical outcomes in terms of requiring less inotropic support, less blood loss, fewer blood transfusions, improved platelet counts, shorter in-hospital stays, and required less ventilation support, when compared with other hypothermic groups. Conclusions: Mild hypothermic CPB (34 \u00b0C to 36 \u00b0C) may produce better clinical outcomes for cardiac surgery and improve the quality of health of cardiac patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd9050151","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]],"date-time":"2022-05-10T00:30:28Z","timestamp":1652142628000},"page":"151","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Effectiveness of Mild to Moderate Hypothermic Cardiopulmonary Bypass on Early Clinical Outcomes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Adnan","family":"Haider","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"},{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, King Edward Medical University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irfan Azmatullah","family":"Khwaja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, King Edward Medical University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdul Basit","family":"Qureshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Services Institute of Medical Sciences, Lahore 54810, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Imran","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiolothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Almana General Hospital, AL Khobar 31952, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4929-4033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khalid Abdul","family":"Majeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Shahbaz","family":"Yousaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hafsa","family":"Zaneb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Histology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6290-2999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdul","family":"Rehman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3168-2684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Imtiaz","family":"Rabbani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3453-2534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sajid Khan","family":"Tahir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8485-7962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Habib","family":"Rehman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-200201000-00002","article-title":"The rewarming rate and increased peak temperature alter neurocognitive outcome after cardiac surgery","volume":"94","author":"Grigore","year":"2002","journal-title":"Anesth. 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