{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T22:13:18Z","timestamp":1789683198393,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659312000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCDD"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Epidemiological studies have shown an increased prevalence of cancer in patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) as compared with the general population. The underlying risk factors for the acquired cancer risk remain poorly understood, and shared genetic anomalies and cumulative radiation exposure from repeated imaging and catheterization procedures may be contributing factors. In the present review, we provide an update on the most recent literature regarding the associations between CHD and cancer, with a particular focus on genetic etiology and radiation exposure from medical procedures. The current evidence indicates that children with CHD may be a high-risk population, already having the first genetic \u201chit\u201d, and, consequently, may have increased sensitivity to ionizing radiation from birth or earlier. Future research strategies integrating biological and molecular measures are also discussed in this article.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd9080245","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T21:01:24Z","timestamp":1659387684000},"page":"245","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Congenital Heart Disease and the Risk of Cancer: An Update on the Genetic Etiology, Radiation Exposure Damage, and Future Research Strategies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Jonica","family":"Campolo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, 20162 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Annoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Cardiology, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, 20162 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marzia","family":"Giaccardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Santa Maria Annunziata Hospital, 50012 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Grazia","family":"Andreassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNR Institute of Clinical Physology, 56125 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2011.08.025","article-title":"Birth prevalence of congenital heart disease worldwide: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"58","author":"Konings","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. 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