{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T22:23:11Z","timestamp":1788992591496,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,6]],"date-time":"2022-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659744000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University Medical Centre","award":["0232793"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0232793"]}]},{"name":"University Medical Centre","award":["V3-2104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["V3-2104"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004329","name":"Slovenian Research Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["0232793"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0232793"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004329","name":"Slovenian Research Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["V3-2104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["V3-2104"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCDD"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: Aquatic exercise training is a relatively understudied exercise modality in patients with CAD; with the present study, we sought to compare the impact of short-term 14-day water- and land-based exercise training on heart rate variability (HRV). (2) Methods: We randomized 90 patients after a recent CAD event (myocardial infarction and\/or revascularization within 2 months prior to inclusion) to either (i) water-based or (ii) land-based exercise training (14 days, two 30 min sessions daily), or (iii) controls. Before and after the intervention period, all participants underwent 20 min 12-channel high-resolution ECG recordings with off-line HRV analysis, including conventional linear time- and frequency-domain analysis (using the Welch method for fast-Fourier transformation), and preselected non-linear analysis (Poincar\u00e9 plot-derived parameters, sample entropy, and the short-term scaling exponent \u03b11 obtained by detrended fluctuation analysis). (3) Results: Eighty-nine patients completed the study (mean age 60 \u00b1 8 years; 20 % women). We did not detect significant differences in baseline- or age-adjusted end-of-study HRV parameters, but aquatic exercise training was associated with a significant increase in the linear LF\/HF parameter (from 2.6 [1.2\u20134.0] to 3.0 [2.1\u20135.5], p = 0.046) and the non-linear \u03b11 parameter (from 1.2 [1.1\u20131.4] to 1.3 [1.2\u20131.5], p = 0.043). (4) Conclusions: Our results have shown that a short-term 14-day aquatic exercise training program improves selected HRV parameters, suggesting this mode of exercise is safe and may be beneficial in patients with CAD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd9080251","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,7]],"date-time":"2022-08-07T22:51:46Z","timestamp":1659912706000},"page":"251","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The Effect of Aquatic Exercise Training on Heart Rate Variability in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Borut","family":"Jug","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vascular Diseases, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"},{"name":"Medical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danijela","family":"Vasi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Cardiac Rehabilitation \u0160marje\u0161ke Toplice, 8220 \u0160marje\u0161ke Toplice, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marko","family":"Novakovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vascular Diseases, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"},{"name":"Medical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viktor","family":"Avbelj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication Systems, Jozef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lea","family":"Rupert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Perioperative Intensive Therapy, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ju\u0161","family":"K\u0161ela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"},{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2015.10.044","article-title":"Exercise-Based Cardiac Rehabilitation for Coronary Heart Disease: Cochrane Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"67","author":"Anderson","year":"2016","journal-title":"JACC"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2017-312832","article-title":"Cardiac rehabilitation and physical activity: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"104","author":"Dibben","year":"2018","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjcn\/zvab015","article-title":"Exercise capacity improvement after cardiac rehabilitation following myocardial infarction and its association with long-term cardiovascular events","volume":"21","author":"Novak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. 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