{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:24:31Z","timestamp":1792805071866,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,19]],"date-time":"2022-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660867200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"British Heart Foundation Programme Grants","award":["RG\/12\/15\/29935"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RG\/12\/15\/29935"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02wdwnk04","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"British Heart Foundation Programme Grants","award":["RG\/19\/2\/34256"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RG\/19\/2\/34256"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02wdwnk04","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCDD"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) is a collective term applied to severe congenital cardiac malformations, characterised by a combination of abnormalities mainly affecting the left ventricle, associated valves, and ascending aorta. Although in clinical practice HLHS is usually sub-categorised based on the patency of the mitral and aortic (left-sided) valves, it is also possible to comprehensively categorise HLHS into defined sub-groups based on the left ventricular morphology. Here, we discuss the published human-based studies of the ventricular myocardium in HLHS, evaluating whether the available evidence is in keeping with this ventricular morphology concept. Specifically, we highlight results from histological studies, indicating that the appearance of cardiomyocytes can be different based on the sub-group of HLHS. In addition, we discuss the histological appearances of endocardial fibroelastosis (EFE), which is a common feature of one specific sub-group of HLHS. Lastly, we suggest investigations that should ideally be undertaken using HLHS myocardial tissues at early stages of HLHS development to identify biological pathways and aid the understanding of HLHS aetiology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd9080279","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,21]],"date-time":"2022-08-21T23:51:01Z","timestamp":1661125861000},"page":"279","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The Left Ventricular Myocardium in Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Bill","family":"Chaudhry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahlam","family":"Alqahtani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorraine","family":"Eley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3422-5497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louise","family":"Coats","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adult Congenital Heart Disease Unit, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne NE7 7DN, UK"},{"name":"Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corina","family":"Moldovan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cellular Pathology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4LP, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Srinivas R.","family":"Annavarapu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Histopathology, Alder Hey Children\u2019s NHS Foundation Trust, Eaton Road, Liverpool L12 2AP, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2705-5998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deborah J.","family":"Henderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1177\/1089253213488247","article-title":"The pathological spectrum of left-ventricular hypoplasia","volume":"17","author":"Kearney","year":"2013","journal-title":"Semin. 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