{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T10:17:00Z","timestamp":1762078620711,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,8]],"date-time":"2022-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670457600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"American Heart Association (AHA)","award":["906513"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["906513"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCDD"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Endocardium lines the inner layer of the heart ventricle and serves as the source of valve endothelial cells and interstitial cells. Previously, endocardium-associated abnormalities in hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) have been reported, including endocardial fibroelastosis (EFE) and mitral and aortic valve malformation. However, few mechanistic studies have investigated the molecular pathological changes in endocardial cells. Recently, the emergence of a powerful in vitro system\u2014induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)\u2014was applied to study various genetic diseases, including HLHS. This review summarized current in vitro studies in understanding the endocardial pathology in HLHS, emphasizing new findings of the cellular phenotypes and underlying molecular mechanisms. Lastly, a future perspective is provided regarding the better recapitulation of endocardial phenotypes in a dish.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd9120442","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,8]],"date-time":"2022-12-08T04:05:29Z","timestamp":1670472329000},"page":"442","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Endocardium in Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome: Implications from In Vitro Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6568-9978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhiyun","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Perinatal Institute, Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA"},{"name":"Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine, CuSTOM, Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA"},{"name":"College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ziyi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Perinatal Institute, Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA"},{"name":"Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine, CuSTOM, Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8568-6966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vidhya","family":"Ravichandran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Perinatal Institute, Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA"},{"name":"Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine, CuSTOM, Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4146-4018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bonny","family":"Lami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Perinatal Institute, Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA"},{"name":"Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine, CuSTOM, Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mingxia","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Perinatal Institute, Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA"},{"name":"Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine, CuSTOM, Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA"},{"name":"College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1093\/ejcts\/ezaa188","article-title":"Guidelines for the management of neonates and infants with hypoplastic left heart syndrome: The European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS) and the Association for European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology (AEPC) Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome Guidelines Task Force","volume":"58","author":"Alphonso","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. 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