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However, the common pathogenic mechanisms are not fully elucidated. More detailed knowledge of linking biological molecules and the role of immune signature would allow more valuable and specific clinical management. Methods: the gene expression profiles of CVD and COVID-19 were retrieved from the GEO database. Common differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened with the Limma R package and the WGCNA algorithm, and then functional enrichment analysis, protein-protein interaction network, hub genes, and small therapeutic molecules analyses were performed. The hub immune-related genes (HIRGs) were intersected, and their associations with immune cells, expressional correlation, evaluated performance, and potential signal pathways were further investigated. Results: In total, 57 common DEGs were identified as a shared transcriptional signature between CVD and COVID-19, and 12 hub genes were screened using five topological algorithms. There are common altered immune responses in the response of these two diseases, and seven HIRGs, including C5AR1, MMP9, CYBB, FPR2, CSF1R, TLR2, and TLR4, were identified, with positive correlation to altered macrophages and neutrophils. Nine small molecular agents (SMAs) were detected as promising therapeutic drugs. These seven HIRGs mainly participated in the inflammatory immune response through activation of Il2 stat5 signaling and Tnfa signaling via nf\u03bab pathways, and ROC curves confirmed their good discriminatory capacity in the two diseases. Conclusions: this study established the co-expression network and identified a new immune-related seven-gene signature as therapeutic targets, which may provide new insights into pathogenic mechanisms and novel clinical management strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd9120450","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,12]],"date-time":"2022-12-12T04:05:22Z","timestamp":1670817922000},"page":"450","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Developing a Novel Immune-Related Seven-Gene Signature and Immune Infiltration Pattern in Patients with COVID-19 and Cardiovascular Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Yajuan","family":"Fu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases Research, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China"},{"name":"Ningxia Key Laboratory of Vascular Injury and Repair Research, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases Research, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China"},{"name":"Ningxia Key Laboratory of Vascular Injury and Repair Research, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China"},{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lingbo","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases Research, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China"},{"name":"Ningxia Key Laboratory of Vascular Injury and Repair Research, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China"},{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases Research, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China"},{"name":"Ningxia Key Laboratory of Vascular Injury and Repair Research, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China"},{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengchao","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases Research, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China"},{"name":"Ningxia Key Laboratory of Vascular Injury and Repair Research, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China"},{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yujing","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases Research, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China"},{"name":"Ningxia Key Laboratory of Vascular Injury and Repair Research, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China"},{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yideng","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases Research, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China"},{"name":"Ningxia Key Laboratory of Vascular Injury and Repair Research, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China"},{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.11.010","article-title":"Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risk Factors, 1990-2019: Update From the GBD 2019 Study","volume":"76","author":"Roth","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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