{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:28:59Z","timestamp":1760239739730,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,28]],"date-time":"2020-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609113600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Abdominal trauma, leading to intra-abdominal bleeding, is a life-threatening condition that might need emergency surgical intervention. Sonography and Computed Tomography (CT) are most commonly used to detect free intra-abdominal fluid. This study investigates the accuracy of CT to distinguish between ascites and intra-abdominal hemorrhage. Methods: Ascites were collected during a clinical routine. Three serial dilutions, mixing ascites with whole blood samples of the patient and with two blood group identical donors, were prepared. Laboratory-chemical analysis and radiological evaluation using CT with measurement of average Hounsfield Units (HU) were performed. Results: Between ascites and whole blood as well as between ascites and the 1:1-ratio-samples, HU values differed significantly (p &lt; 0.001). All further dilutions showed HU values with no significant difference compared to ascites (p \u2265 0.42). Whole blood showed significantly higher HU values than ascites and every step of the serial dilutions (p &lt; 0.001). Measured HU values were also dependent on time and the exact point of measurement in the micro reaction vessels. Conclusions: In patients suffering from blunt abdominal trauma with preexisting ascites, HU values in CT imaging are not valid enough to exclude an acute hemorrhage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10010076","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,28]],"date-time":"2020-12-28T10:33:56Z","timestamp":1609151636000},"page":"76","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Clinical Value of CT for Differentiation between Ascites and Hemorrhage: An Experimental In-Vitro Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Maximilian","family":"Kerschbaum","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Trauma Surgery, University Medical Center Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leonhard Andreas","family":"Schurr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3414-6596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moritz","family":"Riedl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Trauma Surgery, University Medical Center Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Agnes","family":"Mayr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Trauma Surgery, University Medical Center Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isabella","family":"Wei\u00df","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Trauma Surgery, University Medical Center Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Klute","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Trauma Surgery, University Medical Center Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3867-660X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Popp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Trauma Surgery, University Medical Center Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1403-0476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Pfeifer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Trauma Surgery, University Medical Center Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Ernstberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Trauma Surgery, Clinic Osnabr\u00fcck, Am Finkenh\u00fcgel 1, 49076 Osnabr\u00fcck, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Volker","family":"Alt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Trauma Surgery, University Medical Center Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lena Marie","family":"Dendl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Johanniter Hospital Treuenbrietzen, Johanniterstra\u00dfe 1, 14929 Treuenbrietzen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"95","article-title":"The epidemiology and clinical evaluation of abdominal trauma. 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Trauma"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-1383(97)00166-6","article-title":"Survey of abdominal ultrasound and diagnostic peritoneal lavage for suspected intra-abdominal injury following blunt trauma","volume":"29","author":"Bain","year":"1998","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"MoReg, M. (2020, October 24). Student Course Manual ATLS\u00ae Advanced Trauma Life Support. Available online: https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/36985888\/Student_Course_Manual_ATLS_Advanced_Trauma_Life_Support."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/10\/1\/76\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:46:54Z","timestamp":1760179614000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/10\/1\/76"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,28]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm10010076"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm10010076","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2077-0383"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,28]]}}}