{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T07:21:37Z","timestamp":1782890497853,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":116,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,7]],"date-time":"2021-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609977600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004569","name":"Ministerstwo Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wy\u017cszego","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["016\/RID\/2018\/19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["016\/RID\/2018\/19"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004569","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Kidney transplantation (KTx) is the best treatment method for end-stage kidney disease. KTx improves the patient\u2019s quality of life and prolongs their survival time; however, not all patients benefit fully from the transplantation procedure. For some patients, a problem is the premature loss of graft function due to immunological or non-immunological factors. Circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) is degraded deoxyribonucleic acid fragments that are released into the blood and other body fluids. Donor-derived cell-free DNA (dd-cfDNA) is cfDNA that is exogenous to the patient and comes from a transplanted organ. As opposed to an invasive biopsy, dd-cfDNA can be detected by a non-invasive analysis of a sample. The increase in dd-cfDNA concentration occurs even before the creatinine level starts rising, which may enable early diagnosis of transplant injury and adequate treatment to avoid premature graft loss. In this paper, we summarise the latest promising results related to cfDNA in transplant patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10020193","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,10]],"date-time":"2021-01-10T19:55:56Z","timestamp":1610308556000},"page":"193","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Donor-Derived Cell-Free DNA in Kidney Transplantation as a Potential Rejection Biomarker: A Systematic Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3620-6380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrian","family":"Martuszewski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology and Transplantation Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5701-9349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrycja","family":"Paluszkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology and Transplantation Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Kr\u00f3l","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Students Scientific Association, Department of Biomedical and Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0588-1551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miros\u0142aw","family":"Banasik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology and Transplantation Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0935-5663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Kepinska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Environmental Analyses, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1097\/MOT.0000000000000722","article-title":"Future developments in kidney transplantation","volume":"25","author":"Viklicky","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Organ Transplant."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maxeiner, A., Bichmann, A., Oberl\u00e4nder, N., El-Bandar, N., Sug\u00fcnes, N., Ralla, B., Biernath, N., Liefeldt, L., Budde, K., and Giessing, M. (2019). Native Nephrectomy before and after Renal Transplantation in Patients with Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD). J. Clin. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8101622"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bellini, M.I., Courtney, A.E., and McCaughan, J.A. (2020). Living Donor Kidney Transplantation Improves Graft and Recipient Survival in Patients with Multiple Kidney Transplants. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9072118"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"3087","article-title":"Absolute quantification of donor-derived cell-free DNA as a marker of rejection and graft injury in kidney transplantation: Results from a prospective observational study","volume":"19","author":"Oellerich","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arab. Archaeol. Epigr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1111\/tri.13554","article-title":"Quantitative PCR of INDELs to measure donor-derived cell-free DNA\u2014A potential method to detect acute rejection in kidney transplantation: A pilot study","volume":"33","author":"Dauber","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transpl. Int."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"753","article-title":"Banff 07 Classification of Renal Allograft Pathology: Updates and Future Directions","volume":"8","author":"Solez","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arab. Archaeol. Epigr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.23876\/j.krcp.20.003","article-title":"Diagnosis of renal transplant rejection: Banff classification and beyond","volume":"39","author":"Jeong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kidney Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"293","article-title":"The Banff 2017 Kidney Meeting Report: Revised diagnostic criteria for chronic active T cell\u2013mediated rejection, antibody-mediated rejection, and prospects for integrative endpoints for next-generation clinical trials","volume":"18","author":"Haas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arab. Archaeol. Epigr."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thongprayoon, C., Vaitla, P., Craici, I.M., Leeaphorn, N., Hansrivijit, P., Salim, S.A., Bathini, T., Rivera, F.H.C., and Cheungpasitporn, W. (2020). The Use of Donor-Derived Cell-Free DNA for Assessment of Allograft Rejection and Injury Status. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9051480"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0b013e31827a19cc","article-title":"Consensus Guidelines on the Testing and Clinical Management Issues Associated with HLA and Non-HLA Antibodies in Transplantation","volume":"95","author":"Tait","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1111\/tri.12371","article-title":"The influence of non-HLA antibodies directed against angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) on early renal transplant outcomes","volume":"27","author":"Banasik","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transpl. Int."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2014.06.010","article-title":"Humoral immunity in hand transplantation: Anti-HLA and non-HLA response","volume":"75","author":"Banasik","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-74245-z","article-title":"Serum metabolomics approach to monitor the changes in metabolite profiles following renal transplantation","volume":"10","author":"Stanimirova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2020.01.012","article-title":"Cell-Free DNA and Apoptosis: How Dead Cells Inform About the Living","volume":"26","author":"Heitzer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"241","article-title":"Nuclear Acids in Human Blood Plasma","volume":"142","author":"Mandel","year":"1948","journal-title":"C. R. Seances Soc. Biol. Fil."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1732","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI105479","article-title":"Deoxybonucleic acid (DNA) and antibodies to DNA in the serum of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"45","author":"Tan","year":"1966","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI107165","article-title":"The Occurrence of Single-Stranded DNA in the Serum of Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Other Diseases","volume":"52","author":"Koffler","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"646","article-title":"Free DNA in the serum of cancer patients and the effect of therapy","volume":"37","author":"Leon","year":"1977","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arneth, B. (2018). Update on the types and usage of liquid biopsies in the clinical setting: A systematic review. BMC Cancer, 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-018-4433-3"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mouliere, F., Robert, B., Peyrotte, E.A., Del Rio, M., Ychou, M., Molina, F., Gongora, C., and Thierry, A.R. (2011). High Fragmentation Characterizes Tumour-Derived Circulating DNA. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0023418"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaat4921","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aat4921","article-title":"Enhanced detection of circulating tumor DNA by fragment size analysis","volume":"10","author":"Mouliere","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2018.03.020","article-title":"Circulating Tumor Cells and Cell-Free DNA in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma","volume":"189","author":"Gall","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1080\/15384047.2019.1598759","article-title":"Life and death of circulating cell-free DNA","volume":"20","author":"Kustanovich","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Biol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"3","article-title":"Circulating free DNA in the management of breast cancer","volume":"2","author":"Shaw","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.3109\/19401736.2012.696625","article-title":"Circulating cell-free mitochondrial DNA as a novel cancer biomarker: Opportunities and challenges","volume":"23","author":"Yu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mitochondrial DNA"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-18-0074","article-title":"Measurement of Plasma Cell-Free Mitochondrial Tumor DNA Improves Detection of Glioblastoma in Patient-Derived Orthotopic Xenograft Models","volume":"79","author":"Mair","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01064","article-title":"ccf-mtDNA as a Potential Link Between the Brain and Immune System in Neuro-Immunological Disorders","volume":"10","author":"Gambardella","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mito.2018.07.008","article-title":"Cell-free mitochondrial DNA in progressive multiple sclerosis","volume":"46","author":"Lowes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mitochondrion"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.4172\/2329-9495.1000161","article-title":"Circulating Cell-Free Mitochondrial DNA as Biomarker of Cardiovascular risk: New Challenges of Old Findings","volume":"3","author":"Berezin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Angiol. Open Access"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cancergen.2013.01.005","article-title":"Utility of serum DNA and pyrosequencing for the detection of EGFR mutations in non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"206","author":"Akca","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Genet."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3066","article-title":"Cell-free nucleic acids as biomarkers in cancer patients","volume":"11","author":"Schwarzenbach","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.1700","article-title":"Free fetal DNA in maternal plasma in anembryonic pregnancies: Confirmation that the origin is the trophoblast","volume":"27","author":"Alberry","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prenat. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2003.024893","article-title":"Size Distributions of Maternal and Fetal DNA in Maternal Plasma","volume":"50","author":"Chan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e146","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgp09X420572","article-title":"Cell-free fetal DNA and non-invasive prenatal diagnosis","volume":"59","author":"Rafi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Gen. Pract."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2015.08.035","article-title":"Donor-Derived Cell-Free DNA Is a Novel Universal Biomarker for Allograft Rejection in Solid Organ Transplantation","volume":"47","author":"Beck","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transplant. Proc."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Filippone, E.J., and Farber, J.L. (2020). The Monitoring of Donor-Derived Cell-Free DNA (ddcfDNA) in Kidney Transplantation. Transplantation.","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000003393"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100087","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bdq.2019.100087","article-title":"The emerging role of cell-free DNA as a molecular marker for cancer management","volume":"17","author":"Bronkhorst","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomol. Detect. Quantif."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.1789","article-title":"Circulating mutant DNA to assess tumor dynamics","volume":"14","author":"Diehl","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16368","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0507904102","article-title":"Detection and quantification of mutations in the plasma of patients with colorectal tumors","volume":"102","author":"Diehl","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alekseeva, L.A., Mironova, N.L., Brenner, E.V., Kurilshikov, A.M., Patutina, O.A., and Zenkova, M.A. (2017). Alteration of the exDNA profile in blood serum of LLC-bearing mice under the decrease of tumour invasion potential by bovine pancreatic DNase I treatment. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0171988"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1690","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2016.05.035","article-title":"A Highly Sensitive and Quantitative Test Platform for Detection of NSCLC EGFR Mutations in Urine and Plasma","volume":"11","author":"Reckamp","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1134\/S0006297906060010","article-title":"Proteins involved in binding and cellular uptake of nucleic acids","volume":"71","author":"Chelobanov","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biochemistry (Moscow)"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s40169-020-0257-2","article-title":"Detection of bladder cancer using urinary cell-free DNA and cellular DNA","volume":"9","author":"Ou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1973","DOI":"10.1111\/1759-7714.13178","article-title":"Saliva-derived cfDNA is applicable for EGFR mutation detection but not for quantitation analysis in non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"10","author":"Ding","year":"2019","journal-title":"Thorac. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmoldx.2020.04.208","article-title":"Sputum Cell-Free DNA","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mol. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175628481984189","DOI":"10.1177\/1756284819841896","article-title":"Cell-free DNA testing: Future applications in gastroenterology and hepatology","volume":"12","author":"Zandvakili","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i4.957","article-title":"Circulating and stool nucleic acid analysis for colorectal cancer diagnosis","volume":"20","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-02905-8","article-title":"Cell-free DNA from human plasma and serum differs in content of telomeric sequences and its ability to promote immune response","volume":"7","author":"Zinkova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sorber, L., Zwaenepoel, K., Jacobs, J., De Winne, K., Goethals, S., Reclusa, P., Van Casteren, K., Augustus, E., Lardon, F., and Roeyen, G. (2019). Circulating Cell-Free DNA and RNA Analysis as Liquid Biopsy: Optimal Centrifugation Protocol. Cancers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers11040458"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2085","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2011.07.011","article-title":"Methods for isolation of cell-free plasma DNA strongly affect DNA yield","volume":"412","author":"Fleischhacker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-25810-0","article-title":"Evaluation of pre-analytical factors affecting plasma DNA analysis","volume":"8","author":"Markus","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2018.298323","article-title":"Guidelines for the Preanalytical Conditions for Analyzing Circulating Cell-Free DNA","volume":"65","author":"Meddeb","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1086\/301800","article-title":"Quantitative Analysis of Fetal DNA in Maternal Plasma and Serum: Implications for Noninvasive Prenatal Diagnosis","volume":"62","author":"Lo","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-437X(03)00026-1","article-title":"Structure and dynamic behavior of nucleosomes","volume":"13","author":"Luger","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3511","article-title":"Clinical validation of the detection of KRAS and BRAF mutations from circulating tumor DNA","volume":"20","author":"Thierry","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2549","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.3041","article-title":"Mutation profiling of tumor DNA from plasma and tumor tissue of colorectal cancer patients with a novel, high-sensitivity multiplexed mutation detection platform","volume":"6","author":"Kidess","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2016.01.007","article-title":"Genomic Alterations in Liquid Biopsies from Patients with Bladder Cancer","volume":"70","author":"Nordentoft","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keller, L., Belloum, Y., Wikman, H., and Pantel, K. (2020). Clinical relevance of blood-based ctDNA analysis: Mutation detection and beyond. Br. J. Cancer, 1\u201314.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-020-01047-5"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/gm434","article-title":"Tumor-associated copy number changes in the circulation of patients with prostate cancer identified through whole-genome sequencing","volume":"5","author":"Heitzer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Genome Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kinde, I., Papadopoulos, N., Kinzler, K.W., and Vogelstein, B. (2012). FAST-SeqS: A Simple and Efficient Method for the Detection of Aneuploidy by Massively Parallel Sequencing. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0041162"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.3520","article-title":"Integrated digital error suppression for improved detection of circulating tumor DNA","volume":"34","author":"Newman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gale, D., Lawson, A.R.J., Howarth, K., Madi, M., Durham, B., Smalley, S., Calaway, J., Blais, S., Jones, G., and Clark, J. (2018). Development of a highly sensitive liquid biopsy platform to detect clinically-relevant cancer mutations at low allele fractions in cell-free DNA. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0194630"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9530","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1105422108","article-title":"Detection and quantification of rare mutations with massively parallel sequencing","volume":"108","author":"Kinde","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1097\/FTD.0000000000000549","article-title":"Liquid Biopsies to Monitor Solid Organ Transplant Function","volume":"40","author":"Verhoeven","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ther. Drug Monit."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)79055-3","article-title":"Presence of donor-specific DNA in plasma of kidney and liver-transplant recipients","volume":"351","author":"Lo","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2005.058974","article-title":"Soluble Donor DNA Concentrations in Recipient Serum Correlate with Pancreas-Kidney Rejection","volume":"52","author":"Gadi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S75","DOI":"10.1097\/FTD.0000000000000239","article-title":"Graft-Derived Cell-Free DNA as a Marker of Transplant Graft Injury","volume":"38","author":"Oellerich","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ther. Drug Monit."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharon, E., Shi, H., Kharbanda, S., Koh, W., Martin, L.R., Khush, K.K., Valantine, H., Pritchard, J.K., and De Vlaminck, I. (2017). Quantification of transplant-derived circulating cell-free DNA in absence of a donor genotype. PLoS Comput. Biol., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1005629"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2016.00033","article-title":"An Algorithm Measuring Donor Cell-Free DNA in Plasma of Cellular and Solid Organ Transplant Recipients That Does Not Require Donor or Recipient Genotyping","volume":"3","author":"Gordon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmoldx.2016.07.003","article-title":"Validation of a Clinical-Grade Assay to Measure Donor-Derived Cell-Free DNA in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients","volume":"18","author":"Grskovic","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mol. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trre.2020.100542","article-title":"Next-generation sequencing methods to detect donor-derived cell-free DNA after transplantation","volume":"34","author":"Dengu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transplant. Rev."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6229","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1013924108","article-title":"Universal noninvasive detection of solid organ transplant rejection","volume":"108","author":"Snyder","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"241ra77","article-title":"Circulating Cell-Free DNA Enables Noninvasive Diagnosis of Heart Transplant Rejection","volume":"6","author":"Valantine","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1732","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2013.210328","article-title":"Digital Droplet PCR for Rapid Quantification of Donor DNA in the Circulation of Transplant Recipients as a Potential Universal Biomarker of Graft Injury","volume":"59","author":"Beck","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13336","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1517494112","article-title":"Noninvasive monitoring of infection and rejection after lung transplantation","volume":"112","author":"Martin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krenzien, F., Katou, S., Papa, A., Sinn, B., Benzing, C., Feldbr\u00fcgge, L., Kamali, C., Brunnbauer, P., Splith, K., and Lorenz, R.R. (2020). Increased Cell-Free DNA Plasma Concentration Following Liver Transplantation Is Linked to Portal Hepatitis and Inferior Survival. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9051543"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sch\u00fctz, E., Fischer, A., Beck, J., Harden, M., Koch, M., Wuensch, T., Stockmann, M., Nashan, B., Kollmar, O., and Matthaei, J. (2017). Graft-derived cell-free DNA, a noninvasive early rejection and graft damage marker in liver transplantation: A prospective, observational, multicenter cohort study. PLoS Med., 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002286"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1097\/TXD.0000000000001063","article-title":"Plasma Donor-derived Cell-free DNA Levels Are Increased During Acute Cellular Rejection After Lung Transplant: Pilot Data","volume":"6","author":"Sayah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transplant. Direct"},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"141","article-title":"Lung","volume":"16","author":"Valapour","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arab. Archaeol. Epigr."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2017.03.002","article-title":"Rapid detection of donor cell free DNA in lung transplant recipients with rejections using donor-recipient HLA mismatch","volume":"78","author":"Zou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2019.11.015","article-title":"Donor fraction cell-free DNA and rejection in adult and pediatric heart transplantation","volume":"39","author":"Richmond","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Heart Lung Transplant."},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"2889","article-title":"Noninvasive detection of graft injury after heart transplant using donor-derived cell-free DNA: A prospective multicenter study","volume":"19","author":"Khush","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arab. Archaeol. Epigr."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-018-1059-4","article-title":"Biomarkers in Islet Cell Transplantation for Type 1 Diabetes","volume":"18","author":"AlRashidi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Diabetes Rep."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000002083","article-title":"Beta Cell Death by Cell-free DNA and Outcome After Clinical Islet Transplantation","volume":"102","author":"Neiman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1097\/FTD.0000000000000640","article-title":"Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Tacrolimus-Personalized Therapy","volume":"41","author":"Brunet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ther. Drug Monit."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trre.2015.07.002","article-title":"Immunological characteristics of the elderly allograft recipient","volume":"29","author":"Klinger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transplant. Rev."},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"7","article-title":"Chronic allograft nephropathy--immunologic and nonimmunologic factors","volume":"11","author":"Banasik","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2221","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2016091034","article-title":"Cell-Free DNA and Active Rejection in Kidney Allografts","volume":"28","author":"Bloom","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"1663","article-title":"Early clinical experience using donor-derived cell-free DNA to detect rejection in kidney transplant recipients","volume":"19","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arab. Archaeol. Epigr."},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"2491","article-title":"High levels of dd-cfDNA identify patients with TCMR 1A and borderline allograft rejection at elevated risk of graft injury","volume":"20","author":"Stites","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arab. Archaeol. Epigr."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfz091","article-title":"The use of plasma donor-derived, cell-free DNA to monitor acute rejection after kidney transplantation","volume":"35","author":"Gielis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gielis, E.M., Beirnaert, C., Dendooven, A., Meysman, P., Laukens, K., De Schrijver, J., Van Laecke, S., Van Biesen, W., Emonds, M.-P., and De Winter, B.Y. (2018). Plasma donor-derived cell-free DNA kinetics after kidney transplantation using a single tube multiplex PCR assay. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0208207"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sigdel, T., Archila, F.A., Constantin, T., Demko, Z.P., Liberto, J.M., Damm, I., Towfighi, P., Navarro, S., Kirkizlar, E., and Demko, Z. (2018). Optimizing Detection of Kidney Transplant Injury by Assessment of Donor-Derived Cell-Free DNA via Massively Multiplex PCR. J. Clin. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8010019"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00342","article-title":"Diagnostic Performance of Donor-Derived Plasma Cell-Free DNA Fraction for Antibody-Mediated Rejection in Post Renal Transplant Recipients: A Prospective Observational Study","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-019-0653-6","article-title":"Donor-derived cell-free DNA detects kidney transplant rejection during nivolumab treatment","volume":"7","author":"Hurkmans","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_96","first-page":"1037","article-title":"Diagnostic application of kidney allograft-derived absolute cell-freeDNAlevels during transplant dysfunction","volume":"19","author":"Whitlam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arab. Archaeol. Epigr."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shen, J., Guo, L., Yan, P., Zhou, J., Zhou, Q., Lei, W., Liu, H., Liu, G., Lv, J., and Liu, F. (2020). Prognostic value of the donor-derived cell-free DNA assay in acute renal rejection therapy: A prospective cohort study. Clin. Transplant., 34.","DOI":"10.1111\/ctr.14053"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2019.04.051","article-title":"A Noninvasive and Donor-independent Method Simultaneously Monitors Rejection and Infection in Patients with Organ Transplant","volume":"51","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transplant. Proc."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Watson, D., Yang, J.S., Sarwal, R.D., Sigdel, T., Liberto, J.M., Damm, I., Louie, V., Sigdel, S., Livingstone, D., and Soh, K. (2019). A Novel Multi-Biomarker Assay for Non-Invasive Quantitative Monitoring of Kidney Injury. J. Clin. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8040499"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2018.05.013","article-title":"Epidemiology of IgA Nephropathy: A Global Perspective","volume":"38","author":"Schena","year":"2018","journal-title":"Semin. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, J.Y., Sarwal, R.D., Fervenza, F.C., Sarwal, M.M., and Lafayette, R.A. (2019). Noninvasive Urinary Monitoring of Progression in IgA Nephropathy. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20184463"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaba2501","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aba2501","article-title":"A urine score for noninvasive accurate diagnosis and prediction of kidney transplant rejection","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nolan, N., Valdivieso, K., Mani, R., Yang, J.Y., Sarwal, R.D., Katzenbach, P., Chalasani, K., Hongo, D., Lugtu, G., and Mark, C. (2020). Clinical and Analytical Validation of a Novel Urine-Based Test for the Detection of Allograft Rejection in Renal Transplant Patients. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9082325"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2004.04.040","article-title":"Late urinary tract infection after renal transplantation in the United States","volume":"44","author":"Abbott","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-04745-0","article-title":"Urinary cell-free DNA is a versatile analyte for monitoring infections of the urinary tract","volume":"9","author":"Burnham","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0b013e318295ee5a","article-title":"A Rapid Noninvasive Assay for the Detection of Renal Transplant Injury","volume":"96","author":"Sigdel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Homolov\u00e1, J., Janovi\u010dov\u00e1, \u013d., Kone\u010dn\u00e1, B., Vlkova, B., Celec, P., Tothova, L., and B\u00e1b\u00ed\u010dkov\u00e1, J. (2020). Plasma Concentrations of Extracellular DNA in Acute Kidney Injury. Diagnostics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics10030152"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1080\/15257771003708298","article-title":"Assessment of Cell-Free DNA with Microvascular Complication of Type II Diabetes Mellitus, Using PCR and Elisa","volume":"29","author":"Hadhoud","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e001078","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2019-001078","article-title":"Serum cell-free DNA and progression of diabetic kidney disease: A prospective study","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res. Care"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-019-1549-x","article-title":"Urinary cell-free mitochondrial and nuclear deoxyribonucleic acid correlates with the prognosis of chronic kidney diseases","volume":"20","author":"Chang","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.06.005","article-title":"Non-blood sources of cell-free DNA for cancer molecular profiling in clinical pathology and oncology","volume":"141","author":"Ponti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.1038\/s41436-020-0801-x","article-title":"Plasma cell-free DNA variant analysis compared with methylated DNA analysis in renal cell carcinoma","volume":"22","author":"Lasseter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Genet. Med."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clgc.2019.12.018","article-title":"Plasma Circulating Tumor DNA and Clonal Hematopoiesis in Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma","volume":"18","author":"Bacon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Genitourin. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1159\/000479523","article-title":"Circulating Cell-Free DNA Levels in Patients with Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma","volume":"40","author":"Rouvinov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncol. Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/3693096","article-title":"Concentration and Methylation of Cell-Free DNA from Blood Plasma as Diagnostic Markers of Renal Cancer","volume":"2016","author":"Skrypkina","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dis. Markers"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2015.11.009","article-title":"Diagnostic and prognostic potential of circulating cell-free genomic and mitochondrial DNA fragments in clear cell renal cell carcinoma patients","volume":"452","author":"Lu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/10\/2\/193\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:08:14Z","timestamp":1760159294000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/10\/2\/193"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,7]]},"references-count":116,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm10020193"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm10020193","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,7]]}}}