{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T01:01:29Z","timestamp":1791075689937,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,8]],"date-time":"2021-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610064000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Schistosomiasis is the most important helminthiasis worldwide in terms of morbidity and mortality. Most of the infections occurs in Africa, which about two thirds are caused by Schistosoma haematobium. The infection with S. haematobium is considered carcinogenic leading to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Additionally, it is responsible for female genital schistosomiasis leading to infertility and higher risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission. Remarkably, a recent outbreak in Corsica (France) drew attention to its potential re-mergence in Southern Europe. Thus far, little is known related to host-parasite interactions that trigger carcinogenesis. However, recent studies have opened new avenues to understand mechanisms on how the parasite infection can lead cancer and other associated pathologies. Here, we present a historical perspective of schistosomiasis, and review the infection-associated pathologies and studies on host\u2013parasite interactions that unveil tentative mechanisms underlying schistosomiasis-associated carcinogenesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10020205","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,10]],"date-time":"2021-01-10T19:55:56Z","timestamp":1610308556000},"page":"205","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":85,"title":["Urogenital Schistosomiasis\u2014History, Pathogenesis, and Bladder Cancer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"L\u00facio Lara","family":"Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics, Research Centre, Portuguese Oncology Institute\u2014Porto (IPO-Porto), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Surgical Oncology, Portuguese Oncology Institute\u2014Porto (IPO-Porto), Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Urology Department, Hospital Am\u00e9rico Boavida, Luanda 00200, Angola"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00falio","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urology Department, Hospital Am\u00e9rico Boavida, Luanda 00200, Angola"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3747-5520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Jo\u00e3o","family":"Gouveia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for the Study in Animal Science (CECA\/ICETA), University of Porto, Rua de D. Manuel II, Apt 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Parasite Biology and Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Rua Alexandre Herculano 321, 4000-055 Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1667-6510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carina","family":"Bernardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hormones and Cancer Lab, Institute of Biomedicine, iBiMED, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics, Research Centre, Portuguese Oncology Institute\u2014Porto (IPO-Porto), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Surgical Oncology, Portuguese Oncology Institute\u2014Porto (IPO-Porto), Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7767-4922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel","family":"Rinaldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1765-0002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul J.","family":"Brindley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology &amp; Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine &amp; Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA"},{"name":"Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine &amp; Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 M. 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