{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T01:05:45Z","timestamp":1791594345623,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":168,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,21]],"date-time":"2021-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611187200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The technologies of ocular imaging modalities such as optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT angiography (OCTA) have progressed remarkably. Of these in vivo imaging modalities, recently advanced OCT technology provides high-resolution images, e.g., histologic imaging, enabling anatomical analysis of each retinal layer, including the photoreceptor layers. Recently developed OCTA also visualizes the vascular networks three-dimensionally, which provides better understanding of the retinal deep capillary layer. In addition, ex vivo analysis using autologous aqueous or vitreous humor shows that inflammatory cytokine levels including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are elevated and correlated with the severity of macular edema (ME) in eyes with retinal vein occlusion (RVO). Furthermore, a combination of multiple modalities enables deeper understanding of the pathology. Regarding therapy, intravitreal injection of anti-VEGF drugs provides rapid resolution of ME and much better visual improvements than conventional treatments in eyes with RVO. Thus, the technologies of examination and treatment for managing eyes with RVO have progressed rapidly. In this paper, we review the multimodal imaging and therapeutic strategies for eyes with RVO with the hope that it provides better understanding of the pathology and leads to the development of new therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10030405","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,21]],"date-time":"2021-01-21T09:49:21Z","timestamp":1611222561000},"page":"405","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Multimodal Imaging of Microvascular Abnormalities in Retinal Vein Occlusion"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9173-0839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoshio","family":"Hirano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 4678601, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norihiro","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 4678601, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taneto","family":"Tomiyasu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 4678601, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryo","family":"Kurobe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 4678601, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yusuke","family":"Yasuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 4678601, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuya","family":"Esaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 4678601, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9913-1905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tsutomu","family":"Yasukawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 4678601, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Munenori","family":"Yoshida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 4678601, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuichiro","family":"Ogura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 4678601, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.02.021","article-title":"Ranibizumab for macular edema following branch retinal vein occlusion: Six-month primary end points results of a phase III study","volume":"117","author":"Campochiaro","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.02.022","article-title":"Sustained benefits from ranibizumab for macular edema following branch retinal vein occlusion: 12-month outcomes of a phase III study","volume":"118","author":"Brown","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.08-2510","article-title":"Intraocular concentrations of growth factors and cytokines in retinal vein occlusion and the effect of therapy with bevacizumab","volume":"50","author":"Funk","year":"2009","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2015.04.019","article-title":"Impact of intravitreal ranibizumab on vessel functionality in patients with retinal vein occlusion","volume":"160","author":"Corvi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2052","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000000584","article-title":"Dynamic and static retinal vessel analyses in patients with macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion","volume":"35","author":"Corvi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5022","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-22229","article-title":"Effects of intravitreal dexamethasone implants on retinal oxygen saturation, vessel diameter, and retrobulbar blood flow velocity in ME secondary to RVO","volume":"58","author":"Eibenberger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1989.01070020060029","article-title":"Anterior location of the crossing artery in branch retinal vein obstruction","volume":"107","author":"Duker","year":"1989","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)74554-4","article-title":"Anatomy of arteriovenous crossings in branch retinal vein occlusion","volume":"109","author":"Weinberg","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2054","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(99)90483-9","article-title":"Pathophysiology and hemodynamics of branch retinal vein occlusion","volume":"106","author":"Christoffersen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5031","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-20007","article-title":"Evaluation of Nonperfused Retinal Vessels in Ischemic Retinopathy","volume":"57","author":"Powner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.06.054","article-title":"Morphologic and functional changes in retinal vessels associated with branch retinal vein occlusion","volume":"120","author":"Muraoka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1982.01030040110020","article-title":"Histopathologic study of nine branch retinal vein occlu-sions","volume":"100","author":"Frangieh","year":"1982","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.03.003","article-title":"Pathogenesis of macular edema with branch retinal vein occlusion and intraocular levels of vascular endothelial growth factor and interleukin-6","volume":"140","author":"Noma","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(02)01949-9","article-title":"Reproducibility and clinical application of a newly developed stabilized retinal laser Doppler instrument","volume":"135","author":"Yoshida","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000000595","article-title":"Retinal blood flow correlates to aqueous vascular endothelial growth factor in central retinal vein occlusion","volume":"35","author":"Yamada","year":"2015","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2010.06.020","article-title":"Oxygen saturation in central retinal vein occlusion","volume":"150","author":"Hardarson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Seitz, R. (1964). The Retinal Vessels, CV Mosby."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-013-0236-x","article-title":"Branch retinal vein occlusion-associated subretinal hemorrhage","volume":"57","author":"Muraoka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muraoka, Y., Tsujikawa, A., Takahashi, A., Iida, Y., Murakami, T., Ooto, S., Suzuma, K., Uji, A., and Yoshimura, N. (2015). Foveal damage due to subfoveal hemorrhage associated with branch retinal vein occlusion. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0144894"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e3181aa8dfe","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of intravitreal bevacizumab (avastin) for the management of branch and hemiretinal vein occlusion","volume":"29","author":"Gregori","year":"2009","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-004-1087-4","article-title":"Intravitreal levels of vascular endothelial growth factor and interleukin-6 are correlated with macular edema in branch retinal vein occlusion","volume":"244","author":"Noma","year":"2006","journal-title":"Graefes Arch. Clin Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6702498","article-title":"Aqueous humor levels of cytokines are correlated to vitreous levels and severity of macular edema in branch retinal vein occlusion","volume":"22","author":"Noma","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2011.04.006","article-title":"Soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 and inflamma-tory factors in macular edema with branch retinal vein occlusion","volume":"152","author":"Noma","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2369","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.108.6.2369","article-title":"Increased microvascular permeability and endothelial fenestration induced by vascular endo-thelial growth factor","volume":"108","author":"Roberts","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2793","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.17.11.2793","article-title":"Vas-cular endothelial growth factor\/vascular permeability factor produce nitric oxide-dependent hypotension","volume":"17","author":"Horowitz","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.02.022","article-title":"Ranibizumab for macular edema following central retinal vein occlusion: Six-month primary end point results of a phase III study","volume":"117","author":"Brown","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(99)00033-1","article-title":"Patterns of diabetic macular edema with optical coherence tomography","volume":"127","author":"Otani","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1159\/000502041","article-title":"Guide-lines for the management of retinal vein occlusion by the European society of retina specialists (EURETINA)","volume":"242","author":"Gerendas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ophthalmologica"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2013.10.007","article-title":"Presence of foveal bulge in optical coherence tomographic images in eyes with macular edema associated with branch retinal vein occlusion","volume":"157","author":"Hasegawa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2015.01.033","article-title":"Highly reflective line in optical coherence tomography images of eyes with macular edema associated with branch retinal vein occlusion","volume":"159","author":"Hasegawa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2017.08.005","article-title":"Disorganization of the Retinal Layers as a Predictor of visual acuity in eyes with macular edema secondary to vein occlusion","volume":"182","author":"Mimouni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000000054","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography predicts visual outcome in acute central retinal vein occlusion","volume":"34","author":"Ko","year":"2014","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2014.04.024","article-title":"Paracentral acute middle maculopathy in nonischemic central retinal vein occlusion","volume":"158","author":"Rahimy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2007.04.052","article-title":"Three-dimensional imaging of cystoid macular edema in retinal vein occlusion","volume":"115","author":"Yamaike","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3334","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-6097","article-title":"Predictors of short-term visual outcome after anti-VEGF therapy of macular edema due to central retinal vein occlusion","volume":"52","author":"Ghanem","year":"2011","journal-title":"Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2006.08.030","article-title":"Photoreceptor status after resolved macular edema in branch retinal vein occlusion treated with tissue plasminogen activator","volume":"143","author":"Murakami","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2015.10.025","article-title":"Three-dimensional enhanced imaging of vitreoretinal interface in diabetic retinopathy using swept-source optical coherence tomography","volume":"162","author":"Adhi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0420.1997.tb00410.x","article-title":"The effect of posterior vitreous detachment on the prognosis of branch retinal vein occlusion","volume":"75","author":"Avunduk","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1097\/00006982-199515010-00006","article-title":"Role of the vitreous in central retinal vein occlusion","volume":"15","author":"Hikichi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0420.2005.00565.x","article-title":"Neuronal versus glial cell swelling in the ischemic retina","volume":"83","author":"Bringmann","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1969.00990020153002","article-title":"Some structural features of the fovea centralis in the human retina","volume":"82","author":"Yamada","year":"1969","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.117.6.821","article-title":"M\u00fcller cell cone, an overlooked part of the anatomy of the fovea centralis: Hypotheses concerning its role in the pathogenesis of macular hole and foveomacular retinoschisis","volume":"117","author":"Gass","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2009.09.007","article-title":"Serous Retinal Detachment Associated With Retinal Vein Occlusion","volume":"149","author":"Tsujikawa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29445","DOI":"10.1038\/srep29445","article-title":"Microaneurysms cause refractory macular edema in branch retinal vein occlusion","volume":"6","author":"Tomiyasu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2007.09.019","article-title":"Foveal Photoreceptor Layer in Eyes with Persistent Cystoid Macular Edema Associated with Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion","volume":"145","author":"Ota","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1992.01080220089028","article-title":"Ischemic macular edema. Recognition and favorable natural history in branch vein occlusion","volume":"110","author":"Finkelstein","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2018-312769","article-title":"Macular vessel reduction as predictor for recurrence of macular oedema requiring repeat intravitreal ranibizumab injection in eyes with branch retina vein occlusion","volume":"103","author":"Hasegawa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"523","article-title":"The visual prognosis in retinal branch vein occlusion","volume":"93","author":"Clemett","year":"1973","journal-title":"Trans. Ophthalmol. Soc. UK"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.68.3.196","article-title":"Retinal branch vein occlusion. A study of argon laser photocoagulation in the treatment of macular edema","volume":"68","author":"Shilling","year":"1984","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)74853-6","article-title":"Long-term follow-up of occlusion of the central retinal vein in young adults","volume":"90","author":"Priluck","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.77.12.774","article-title":"Optociliary veins and central retinal vein occlusion","volume":"77","author":"Palumbo","year":"1993","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.04.019","article-title":"Natural history of visual outcome in central retinal vein occlusion","volume":"118","author":"Hayreh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)76979-X","article-title":"The natural course of central retinal vein occlusion","volume":"110","author":"Quinlan","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.01.001","article-title":"Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide for cystoid macular edema in nonischemic central retinal vein occlusion","volume":"139","author":"Williamson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2018-313322","article-title":"Collateral vessels on optical coherence tomography angiography in eyes with branch retinal vein occlusion","volume":"103","author":"Suzuki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.47.9.521","article-title":"Studies of the retinal capillaries in relation to diabetic and other retinopathies","volume":"47","author":"Ashton","year":"1963","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(70)93420-3","article-title":"Experimental retinal branch vein occlusion","volume":"69","author":"Kohner","year":"1970","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.3341\/kjo.2005.19.1.34","article-title":"Neovascularization in branch retinal vein occlusion combined with arterial insufficiency","volume":"19","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Korean J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1820","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(96)30420-X","article-title":"Intravitreous injections of vascular endothelial growth factor produce retinal ischemia and microangiopathy in an adult primate","volume":"103","author":"Tolentino","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00920022","article-title":"Differentiation of ischemic from nonischemic central retinal vein occlusion during the early phase","volume":"228","author":"Hayreh","year":"1990","journal-title":"Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2018.10.021","article-title":"Development of a novel model of central retinal vascular occlusion and the therapeutic potential of the adrenomedullin-receptor activity-modifying protein 2 system","volume":"189","author":"Hirabayashi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2290","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-13587","article-title":"Association of aqueous humor cytokines with the development of retinal ischemia and recurrent macular edema in retinal vein occlusion","volume":"55","author":"Jung","year":"2014","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2015.09.038","article-title":"Microvascular abnormalities on optical coherence tomography angiography in macular edema associated with branch retinal vein occlusion","volume":"161","author":"Suzuki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5728","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-10017","article-title":"Quantitative confocal imaging of the retinal microvasculature in the human retina","volume":"53","author":"Tan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2017.08.004","article-title":"Morphological and Functional Retinal Vessel Changes in Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion: An Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Study","volume":"182","author":"Iida","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000001541","article-title":"Evaluation of macular ischemia in eyes with branch retinal vein occlusion; an optical coherence tomography angiography study","volume":"38","author":"Kadomoto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1159\/000493489","article-title":"Structural and functional analyses of retinal ischemia in eyes with retinal vein occlusion: Relationship with macular edema or microaneurysm formation","volume":"61","author":"Tomiyasu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Res."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00156415","article-title":"Foveal avascular zone in macular branch retinal vein occlusion","volume":"19","author":"Parodi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5681","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs-16-20648","article-title":"Retinal hemodynamics seen on optical coherence tomography angiography before and after treatment of retinal vein occlusion","volume":"57","author":"Suzuki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2016.03.033","article-title":"Quantitative optical coherence tomography angiography features and visual function in eyes with branch retinal vein occlusion","volume":"166","author":"Samara","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.07.008","article-title":"Visual acuity is correlated with the area of the foveal avascular zone in diabetic retinopathy and retinal vein occlusion","volume":"123","author":"Balaratnasingam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2087","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-21208","article-title":"Retinal Microvasculature and Visual Acuity in Eyes With Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion: Imaging Analysis by Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography","volume":"58","author":"Wakabayashi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000001737","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography angiography in retinal vein occlusion: Correlations between macular vascular density, visual acuity, and peripheral nonperfusion area on fluorescein angiography","volume":"38","author":"Seknazi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2015.10.008","article-title":"Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography in Retinal Vein Occlusion: Evaluation of Superficial and Deep Capillary Plexa","volume":"161","author":"Coscas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9257","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-8481","article-title":"Disruption of the retinal parafoveal capillary network in type 2 diabetes before the onset of diabetic retinopathy","volume":"52","author":"Tam","year":"2011","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"OCT130-140","article-title":"Imaging foveal microvasculature: Optical coherence tomography angiography versus adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscope fluorescein angiography","volume":"57","author":"Mo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2188","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000000847","article-title":"Correlation of foveal avascular zone size with foveal morphology in normal eyes using optical coherence tomography angiography","volume":"35","author":"Samara","year":"2015","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"OCT242","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-18819","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography angiography in central retinal vein occlusion: Correlation between the foveal avascular zone and visual acuity","volume":"57","author":"Kvanta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.4103\/jovr.jovr_264_17","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography angiography in eyes with retinal vein occlusion","volume":"13","author":"Tsai","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Ophthalmic Vis. Res."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/s40942-020-00237-w","article-title":"Reliability of foveal avascular zone measurements in eyes with retinal vein occlusion using optical coherence tomography angiography","volume":"6","author":"Nakayama","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Retina Vitreous."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5864","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-5333","article-title":"Correlation of histologic and clinical images to determine the diagnostic value of fluorescein angiography for studying retinal capillary detail","volume":"51","author":"Mendis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2017.11.003","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography angiography","volume":"64","author":"Spaide","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2019.04.015","article-title":"Collateral Vessels in Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion: Anatomic and Functional Analyses by OCT Angiography","volume":"3","author":"Tsuboi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ophthalmol. Retina"},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"471","article-title":"Retinal collateral vessel formation","volume":"10","author":"Klein","year":"1971","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.58.4.413","article-title":"Retinal neovascularization, collaterals, and vascular shunts","volume":"58","author":"Henkind","year":"1974","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10457","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.23.10457","article-title":"Suppression of retinal neovascularization in vivo by inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) using soluble VEGF-receptor chimeric proteins","volume":"92","author":"Pierce","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.3.905","article-title":"Vascular endothelial growth factor \/ vascular permeability factor expression in a mouse model of retinal neovascularization","volume":"92","author":"Pierce","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-016-3565-x","article-title":"Morphological differences between optic disc collaterals and neovascularization on optical coherence tomography angiography","volume":"255","author":"Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-9877(95)90079-9","article-title":"Microhemodynamics of retinal collateral vessel formation","volume":"44","author":"Danis","year":"1995","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e318263d106","article-title":"Score Study Report 12: Development of venous collaterals in the Score Study","volume":"33","author":"Weinberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, H.E., Wang, Y., Fayed, A.E., and Fawzi, A.A. (2019). Exploring the relationship between collaterals and vessel density in retinal vein occlusions using optical coherence tomography angiography. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0215790"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.121.3.332","article-title":"Retinochoroid collateral veins protect against anterior segment neovascularization after central retinal vein occlusion","volume":"121","author":"Fuller","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2018.3586","article-title":"Association of optical coherence tomography angiography of collaterals in retinal vein occlusion with major venous outflow through the deep vascular complex","volume":"136","author":"Freund","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2014.3616","article-title":"Retinal vascular layers imaged by fluorescein angiography and optical coherence tomography angiography","volume":"133","author":"Spaide","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2242","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000000209","article-title":"Collateral vessel presence in branch and central retinal vein occlusions and their impact on visual acuity and anatomical gains: A retrospective analysis","volume":"34","author":"Singh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.03-0764","article-title":"Microvascular remodeling after occlusion-recanalization of a branch retinal vein in rats","volume":"45","author":"Genevois","year":"2004","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.2.34","article-title":"Longitudinal Changes in Retinal Blood Flow in a Feline Retinal Vein Occlusion Model as Measured by Doppler Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography","volume":"61","author":"Wada","year":"2020","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6175","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-22788","article-title":"Animal models of retinal vein occlusion","volume":"58","author":"Khayat","year":"2017","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)70687-7","article-title":"Macroaneurysms associated with retinal vein occlusion","volume":"109","author":"Cousins","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.35.4.189","article-title":"Retinal microaneurysms in the non-diabetic subject","volume":"35","author":"Ashton","year":"1951","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198002143020706","article-title":"Capillary microaneurysms in the human diabetic heart","volume":"302","author":"Factor","year":"1980","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(75)90615-7","article-title":"How does blood pressure cause stroke?","volume":"2","author":"Russell","year":"1975","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/S0046-8177(78)80029-X","article-title":"A re-evaluation of diabetic glomerulosclerosis 50 years after the discovery of insulin","volume":"9","author":"Bloodworth","year":"1978","journal-title":"Hum. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-13122","article-title":"Classification of human retinal microaneurysms using adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscope fluorescein angiography","volume":"55","author":"Dubow","year":"2014","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.288.1.67","article-title":"Cerebral white matter lesions, retinopathy, and incident clinical stroke","volume":"288","author":"Wong","year":"2002","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(03)00475-5","article-title":"Proposed international clinical diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema disease severity scales","volume":"110","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.65.1.36","article-title":"Large capillary aneurysms secondary to retinal venous obstruction","volume":"65","author":"Schulman","year":"1981","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199412013312203","article-title":"Vascular endothelial growth factor in ocular fluid of patients with diabetic retinopathy and other retinal disorders","volume":"331","author":"Aiello","year":"1994","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S170698","article-title":"Six-month results of intravitreal ranibizumab for macular edema after branch retinal vein occlusion in-single center prospective study: Visual outcomes and microaneurysm formation","volume":"12","author":"Kawamura","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2010.09.043","article-title":"Pericytes control key neurovascular functions and neuronal phenotype in the adult brain and during brain aging","volume":"68","author":"Bell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"OCT211","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-18793","article-title":"Normative data for vascular density in superficial and deep capillary plexuses of healthy adults assessed by optical coherence tomography angiography","volume":"57","author":"Coscas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.63.6.377","article-title":"Experimental retinal branch vein occlusion in rhesus monkeys. I. Clinical appearances","volume":"63","author":"Hamilton","year":"1979","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.63.6.388","article-title":"Experimental retinal branch vein occlusion in rhesus monkeys. II. Retinal blood flow studies","volume":"63","author":"Rosen","year":"1979","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.63.6.393","article-title":"Experimental retinal branch vein occlusion in rhesus monkeys. III. Histopathological and electron microscopical studies","volume":"63","author":"Hockley","year":"1979","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-7580.1999.19410089.x","article-title":"Three dimensional analysis of microaneurysms in the human diabetic retina","volume":"194","author":"Moore","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2018-312258","article-title":"Morphological and topographical appearance of microaneurysms on optical coherence tomography angiography","volume":"103","author":"Schreur","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol. Epub."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S258958","article-title":"Morphologic classifications and locations of microaneurysms and clinical relevance in branch retinal vein occlusion","volume":"14","author":"Esaki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoshimura, T., Sonoda, K.H., Sugahara, M., Mochizuki, Y., Enaida, H., Oshima, Y., Ueno, A., Hata, Y., Yoshida, H., and Ishibashi, T. (2009). Comprehensive analysis of inflammatory immune mediators in vitreous disease. PLoS ONE, 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0008158"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4046","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.85.11.4046","article-title":"Measurement of endothelial cell free radical generation: Evidence for a central mechanism of free radical injury in postischemic tissues","volume":"85","author":"Zweier","year":"1988","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"OCT348","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-18782","article-title":"New insights into microaneurysms in the deep capillary plexus detected by optical coherence tomography angiography in diabetic macular edema","volume":"57","author":"Hasegawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_121","first-page":"263","article-title":"En-face optical coherence tomography angiography of neovascularization elsewhere in hemicentral retinal vein occlusion","volume":"8","author":"Sogawa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Med. Case Rep. J."},{"key":"ref_122","first-page":"151","article-title":"Retinal microaneurysms","volume":"57","author":"Wise","year":"1957","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2009.163790","article-title":"Indocyanine green angiography-guided laser photocoagulation combined with sub-Tenon\u2019s capsule injection of triamcinolone acetonide for idiopathic macular telangiectasia","volume":"94","author":"Hirano","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2015-308142","article-title":"Indocyanine-green-guided targeted laser photocoagulation of capillary macroaneurysms in macular oedema: A pilot study","volume":"101","author":"Paques","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1159\/000437360","article-title":"Indocyanine green angiography-guided focal laser photocoagulation for diabetic macular edema","volume":"234","author":"Ogura","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ophthalmologica"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-122-31299","article-title":"Binding of sulfobromophthalein (BSP) sodium and indocyanine green (ICG) by plasma alpha-1 lipoproteins","volume":"122","author":"Baker","year":"1966","journal-title":"Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol.Med."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-016-0425-5","article-title":"Effect of leaking capillaries and microaneurysms in the perifoveal capillary network on resolution of macular edema by anti-vascular endothelial growth factor treatment","volume":"60","author":"Iesato","year":"2016","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000001703","article-title":"Clinical findings of eyes with macular edema associated with branch retinal vein occlusion refractory to ranibizumab","volume":"38","author":"Hasegawa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2011.10.005","article-title":"Characterization of diabetic microaneurysms by simultaneous fluorescein angiography and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography","volume":"153","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1039\/c3ib20259c","article-title":"Non-dimensional analysis of retinal microaneurysms: Critical threshold for treatment","volume":"5","author":"Ezra","year":"2013","journal-title":"Integr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/0303-8467(93)90125-Z","article-title":"Natural history and risk factors of unruptured cerebral aneurysms","volume":"95","author":"Asari","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin. Neurol Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198103193041203","article-title":"The natural history of unruptured intracranial aneurysms","volume":"304","author":"Wiebers","year":"1981","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1007\/s002340050679","article-title":"Anatomical and morphological factors correlating with rupture of intracranial aneurysms in patients referred for endovascular treatment","volume":"40","author":"Hademenos","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2010.06.015","article-title":"Optical coherence tomographic characteristics of microaneurysms in diabetic retinopathy","volume":"150","author":"Horii","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(79)35527-0","article-title":"Infrequency of retinal neovascularization following central retinal vein occlusion","volume":"86","author":"Chan","year":"1979","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(82)34655-2","article-title":"Retinal ischemia and risk of neovascularization following central retinal vein obstruction","volume":"89","author":"Magargal","year":"1982","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2006.105338","article-title":"Value of retinal vein pulsation characteristics in predicting increased optic disc excavation","volume":"91","author":"Balaratnasingam","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/0039-6257(78)90175-3","article-title":"Neovascularization of the iris (rubeosis iridis)","volume":"22","author":"Gartner","year":"1978","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.10.003","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography angiography characteristics of iris melanocytic tumors","volume":"124","author":"Skalet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2018.2766","article-title":"Association of change in iris vessel density in optical coherence tomography angiography with anterior segment ischemia after strabismus surgery","volume":"136","author":"Velez","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1973.01000040365002","article-title":"Retinal tributary vein occlusion: History and management by photocoagulation","volume":"89","author":"Blankenship","year":"1973","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.60.12.810","article-title":"New vessel formation in retinal branch vein occlusion","volume":"60","author":"Shilling","year":"1976","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(83)34542-5","article-title":"Ocular neovascularization with retinal vascular occlusion-III: Incidence of ocular neovascularization with retinal vein occlusion","volume":"90","author":"Hayreh","year":"1983","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.60.6.411","article-title":"Fluorescein angiography and its prognostic significance in central retinal vein occlusion","volume":"60","author":"Laatikainen","year":"1976","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1931","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(79)35327-1","article-title":"The natural course of central retinal vein occlusion","volume":"86","author":"Zegarra","year":"1979","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.75.8.459","article-title":"Neovascular response in iscaemic central retinal vein occlusion after panretinal photocoagulation","volume":"75","author":"Murdoch","year":"1991","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.1993.113","article-title":"Neovascular complications after central retinal vein occlusion","volume":"7","author":"Evans","year":"1993","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(81)34901-X","article-title":"Neovascular glaucoma following central retinal vein obstruction","volume":"88","author":"Magargal","year":"1981","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(88)90115-8","article-title":"Role of the vitreous in branch retinal vein occlusion","volume":"105","author":"Kado","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_150","first-page":"178","article-title":"The natural course of temporal retinal vein occlusion","volume":"78","author":"Gutman","year":"1974","journal-title":"Trans. Am. Acad. Ophthalmol. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The Branch Vein Occlusion Study Group (1986). Argon laser scatter photocoagulation for prevention of neovascularization and vitreous hemorrhage in branch retinal vein occlusion. A randomized clinicial trial. Arch. Ophthalmol., 104, 34\u201341.","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1986.01050130044017"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-5155(01)00340-9","article-title":"Studies on vitrectomy cases associated with complicated branch retinal vein occlusion","volume":"45","author":"Tanaka","year":"2001","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1159\/000488496","article-title":"Peripheral microvascular abnormalities detected by wide-field fluorescein angiography in eyes with branch retinal vein occlusion","volume":"61","author":"Yasuda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Res."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(98)92782-8","article-title":"Increased level of vascular endothelial growth factor in aqueous humor of patients with neovascular glaucoma","volume":"105","author":"Tripathi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1996.01100140172010","article-title":"Vascular endothelial growth factor is sufficient to produce iris neovascularization and neovascular glaucoma in a nonhuman primate","volume":"114","author":"Tolentino","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(98)95014-X","article-title":"The risk of missing angle neovascularization by omitting screening gonioscopy in acute central retinal vein occlusion","volume":"105","author":"Browning","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.01.060","article-title":"Natural History of Central Retinal Vein Occlusion: An Evidence-Based Systematic Review","volume":"117","author":"McIntosh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e318246912c","article-title":"Ocular neovascularization associated with central and hemicentral retinal vein occlusion","volume":"32","author":"Hayreh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The Central Vein Occlusion Study Group (1997). Natural history and clinical management of central retinal vein occlusion. Arch. Ophthalmol., 115, 486\u2013491.","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1997.01100150488006"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.12.005","article-title":"Ranibizumab for macular edema due to retinal vein occlusions: Long-term follow-up in the HORIZON trial","volume":"119","author":"Heier","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1728","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000000191","article-title":"Ranibizumab in preproliferative (ischemic) central retinal vein occlusion: The rubeosis anti-VEGF (RAVE) trial","volume":"34","author":"Brown","year":"2014","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(86)33697-2","article-title":"Fluorescein angiography complication survey","volume":"93","author":"Yannuzzi","year":"1986","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1831","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-019-04371-6","article-title":"Longitudinal vasculature changes in branch retinal vein occlusion with projection-resolved optical coherence tomography angiography","volume":"257","author":"Tsuboi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pellegrini, M., Cozzi, M., Staurenghi, G., and Corvi, F. (2019). Comparison of wide field optical coherence tomography angiography with extended field imaging and fluorescein angiography in retinal vascular disorders. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0214892"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Glacet-Bernard, A., Miere, A., Houmane, B., Tilleul, J., and Souied, E. (2020). Nonperfusion assessment in retinal vein occlusion: Comparison between ultra-widefield fluorescein angiography and widefield OCT-angiography. Retina, Epub.","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000002993"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huemer, J., Khalid, H., Wagner, S.K., Nicholson, L., Fu, D.J., Sim, D.A., Patel, P.J., Balaskas, K., Rajendram, R., and Keane, P.A. (2020). Phenotyping of retinal neovascularization in ischemic retinal vein occlusion using wide field OCT angiography. Eye. Epub.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-020-01317-9"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000001196","article-title":"Association between retinal hemorrhagic patterns and perfusion status in eyes with acute central retinal vein occlusion","volume":"37","author":"Muraoka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_168","first-page":"1354217","article-title":"Sequential observations of conversion from nonischemic to ischemic central retinal vein occlusion using optical coherence tomography angiography","volume":"2018","author":"Fukutomi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Case Rep. Ophthalmol. Med."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/10\/3\/405\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:13:34Z","timestamp":1760159614000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/10\/3\/405"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,21]]},"references-count":168,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm10030405"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm10030405","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,21]]}}}