{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T14:49:39Z","timestamp":1787669379441,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":163,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]],"date-time":"2021-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Ministero della Salute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RF-2016-02364358,"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RF-2016-02364358,"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IMI2-777377"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IMI2-777377"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009702","name":"Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PR-0391"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PR-0391"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009702","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Anemia is a common feature of liver and bowel diseases. Although the main causes of anemia in these conditions are represented by gastrointestinal bleeding and iron deficiency, autoimmune hemolytic anemia should be considered in the differential diagnosis. Due to the epidemiological association, autoimmune hemolytic anemia should particularly be suspected in patients affected by inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, such as autoimmune or acute viral hepatitis, primary biliary cholangitis, and inflammatory bowel disease. In the presence of biochemical indices of hemolysis, the direct antiglobulin test can detect the presence of warm or cold reacting antibodies, allowing for a prompt treatment. Drug-induced, immune-mediated hemolytic anemia should be ruled out. On the other hand, the choice of treatment should consider possible adverse events related to the underlying conditions. Given the adverse impact of anemia on clinical outcomes, maintaining a high clinical suspicion to reach a prompt diagnosis is the key to establishing an adequate treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10030423","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]],"date-time":"2021-01-22T11:13:53Z","timestamp":1611314033000},"page":"423","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Diagnosis and Management of Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia in Patients with Liver and Bowel Disorders"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4611-6781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristiana","family":"Bianco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Coluccio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniele","family":"Prati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8909-0345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Valenti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1067\/mlc.2001.119106","article-title":"Red blood cell status in alcoholic and non-alcoholic liver disease","volume":"138","author":"Maruyama","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. 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