{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T23:02:39Z","timestamp":1792450959727,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,30]],"date-time":"2021-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611964800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Pulmonary artery enlargement (PAE) detected using chest computed tomography (CT) is associated with poor outcomes in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It is unknown whether nocturnal hypoxemia occurring in smokers, with or without COPD, obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) or their overlap, may be associated with PAE assessed by chest CT. Methods: We analysed data from two prospective cohort studies that enrolled 284 smokers in lung cancer screening programs and completing baseline home sleep studies and chest CT scans. Main pulmonary artery diameter (PAD) and the ratio of the PAD to that of the aorta (PA:Ao ratio) were measured. PAE was defined as a PAD \u2265 29 mm in men and \u226527 mm in women or as a PA:Ao ratio &gt; 0.9. We evaluated the association of PAE with baseline characteristics using multivariate logistic models. Results: PAE prevalence was 27% as defined by PAD measurements and 11.6% by the PA:Ao ratio. A body mass index \u2265 30 kg\/m2 (OR 2.01; 95%CI 1.06\u20133.78), lower % predicted of forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) (OR 1.03; 95%CI 1.02\u20131.05) and higher % of sleep time with O2 saturation &lt; 90% (T90) (OR 1.02; 95%CI 1.00\u20131.03), were associated with PAE as determined by PAD. However, only T90 remained significantly associated with PAE as defined by the PA:Ao ratio (OR 1.02; 95%CI 1.01\u20131.03). In the subset group without OSA, only T90 remains associated with PAE, whether defined by PAD measurement (OR 1.02; 95%CI 1.01\u20131.03) or PA:Ao ratio (OR 1.04; 95%CI 1.01\u20131.07). Conclusions: In smokers with or without COPD, nocturnal hypoxemia was associated with PAE independently of OSA coexistence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10030489","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,30]],"date-time":"2021-01-30T06:22:20Z","timestamp":1611987740000},"page":"489","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Nocturnal Hypoxemia and CT Determined Pulmonary Artery Enlargement in Smokers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0777-3850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Marin-Oto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Cl\u00ednica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra, Avenida P\u00edo XII, 36, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis M.","family":"Seijo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Cl\u00ednica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra, Calle Marquesado de Sta. Marta, 1, 28027 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0770-7653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"Divo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St., Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gorka","family":"Bastarrika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Cl\u00ednica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra, Avenida P\u00edo XII, 36, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Ezponda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Cl\u00ednica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra, Avenida P\u00edo XII, 36, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Calvo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Cl\u00ednica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra, Avenida P\u00edo XII, 36, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3182-3555","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier J.","family":"Zulueta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Cl\u00ednica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra, Avenida P\u00edo XII, 36, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7502-3544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guillermo","family":"Gallardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Fundaci\u00f3n Jim\u00e9nez-D\u00edaz, Av. de los Reyes Cat\u00f3licos, 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Cabezas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Fundaci\u00f3n Jim\u00e9nez-D\u00edaz, Av. de los Reyes Cat\u00f3licos, 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"German","family":"Peces-Barba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Fundaci\u00f3n Jim\u00e9nez-D\u00edaz, Av. de los Reyes Cat\u00f3licos, 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria T.","family":"P\u00e9rez-Warnisher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Cl\u00ednica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra, Calle Marquesado de Sta. Marta, 1, 28027 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose M.","family":"Mar\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, University of Zaragoza, Av. Isabel la Cat\u00f3lica 3, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bartolom\u00e9 R.","family":"Celli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St., Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ciro","family":"Casanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hospital Nuestra Se\u00f1ora de la Candelaria, Ctra. Gral. del Rosario, 145, 38010 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan P.","family":"De-Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonary Division, Kingston General Hospital, Queen\u2019s University, 76 Stuart St., Kingston, ON K7L 2V7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2020, March 19). WHO Global Report on Trends in Tobacco Smoking 2000\u20132025. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/health-topics\/tobacco."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2020, March 19). Obesity and Overweight. 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