{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T09:33:07Z","timestamp":1790501587497,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":160,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,2]],"date-time":"2021-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612224000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Hallym University Research Fund","award":["Hallym University Research Fund"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Hallym University Research Fund"]}]},{"name":"Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","award":["2020R1A6A1A03043026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020R1A6A1A03043026"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Over the last decade, increased research into the cognizance of the gut\u2013liver\u2013brain axis in medicine has yielded powerful evidence suggesting a strong association between alcoholic liver diseases (ALD) and the brain, including hepatic encephalopathy or other similar brain disorders. In the gut\u2013brain axis, chronic, alcohol-drinking-induced, low-grade systemic inflammation is suggested to be the main pathophysiology of cognitive dysfunctions in patients with ALD. However, the role of gut microbiota and its metabolites have remained unclear. Eubiosis of the gut microbiome is crucial as dysbiosis between autochthonous bacteria and pathobionts leads to intestinal insult, liver injury, and neuroinflammation. Restoring dysbiosis using modulating factors such as alcohol abstinence, promoting commensal bacterial abundance, maintaining short-chain fatty acids in the gut, or vagus nerve stimulation could be beneficial in alleviating disease progression. In this review, we summarize the pathogenic mechanisms linked with the gut\u2013liver\u2013brain axis in the development and progression of brain disorders associated with ALD in both experimental models and humans. Further, we discuss the therapeutic potential and future research directions as they relate to the gut\u2013liver\u2013brain axis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10030541","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,2]],"date-time":"2021-02-02T05:44:42Z","timestamp":1612244682000},"page":"541","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Gut Microbiota at the Intersection of Alcohol, Brain, and the Liver"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6008-1143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haripriya","family":"Gupta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24253, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9206-9245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ki Tae","family":"Suk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24253, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5792-1500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong Joon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24253, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Firth, J., Gangwisch, J.E., Borisini, A., Wootton, R.E., and Mayer, E.A. 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