{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T02:04:41Z","timestamp":1787882681336,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,3]],"date-time":"2021-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612310400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015210","name":"UCLA Brain Injury Research Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015210","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"UCLA Steve Tisch BrainSPORT Program","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]},{"name":"UCLA Easton Labs for Brain Injury","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]},{"name":"Stan and Patty Silver","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NS09229"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NS09229"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Della Martin Foundation","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dysregulation of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) may play an important role in the development and maintenance of persistent post-concussive symptoms (PPCS). Post-injury breathing dysfunction, which is influenced by the ANS, has not been well-studied in youth. This study evaluated cardiorespiratory functioning at baseline in youth patients with PPCS and examined the relationship of cardiorespiratory variables with neurobehavioral outcomes. Participants were between the ages of 13\u201325 in two groups: (1) Patients with PPCS (concussion within the past 2\u201316 months; n = 13) and (2) non-injured controls (n = 12). Capnometry was used to obtain end-tidal CO2 (EtCO2), oxygen saturation (SaO2), respiration rate (RR), and pulse rate (PR) at seated rest. PPCS participants exhibited a reduced mean value of EtCO2 in exhaled breath (M = 36.3 mmHg, SD = 2.86 mmHg) and an altered inter-correlation between EtCO2 and RR compared to controls. Neurobehavioral outcomes including depression, severity of self-reported concussion symptoms, cognitive catastrophizing, and psychomotor processing speed were correlated with cardiorespiratory variables when the groups were combined. Overall, results from this study suggest that breathing dynamics may be altered in youth with PPCS and that cardiorespiratory outcomes could be related to a dimension of neurobehavioral outcomes associated with poorer recovery from concussion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10040561","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,3]],"date-time":"2021-02-03T03:56:46Z","timestamp":1612324606000},"page":"561","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Cardiorespiratory Functioning in Youth with Persistent Post-Concussion Symptoms: A Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Aliyah","family":"Snyder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"},{"name":"UCLA Steve Tisch BrainSPORT Program, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Sheridan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCLA Steve Tisch BrainSPORT Program, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Tanner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Bickart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCLA Steve Tisch BrainSPORT Program, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"},{"name":"Departments of Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Molly","family":"Sullan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Psychology Service, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA"},{"name":"VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Craske","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meeryo","family":"Choe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCLA Steve Tisch BrainSPORT Program, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"},{"name":"UCLA Mattel Children\u2019s Hospital, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Talin","family":"Babikian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"},{"name":"UCLA Steve Tisch BrainSPORT Program, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Giza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCLA Steve Tisch BrainSPORT Program, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"},{"name":"UCLA Mattel Children\u2019s Hospital, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Asarnow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"},{"name":"UCLA Steve Tisch BrainSPORT Program, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1080\/16501960410023859","article-title":"Prognosis for mild traumatic brain injury: Results of the who collaborating centre task force on mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"36","author":"Carroll","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. 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