{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T16:39:12Z","timestamp":1772469552402,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,12]],"date-time":"2021-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613088000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) cause a variety of inflammatory eruptions. The understanding of ICI-induced inflammatory eruptions with detailed histopathological findings is not adequate, particularly in Asian populations. In this study, we retrospectively reviewed 51 patients who were histopathologically diagnosed with cutaneous immune-related adverse events (irAEs) following ICI therapy between 2014 and 2020 at the Department of Dermatology of Kyushu University Hospital. Of the 51 patients (30 men, 21 women), maculopapular rash (38\/51, 74.5%), erythema multiforme (2\/51, 3.9%), lichenoid reaction (3\/51, 5.9%), psoriasiform reaction (3\/51, 5.9%), bullous pemphigoid (3\/51, 5.9%), scleroderma-like reaction (1\/51, 2.0%), and Stevens\u2013Johnson syndrome (1\/51, 2.0%) were observed. The clinical and histopathological findings of these eruptions were equivalent to typical cases of common drug eruptions. The onset of maculopapular rash was relatively early (more than half of events occurred within 1 month), whereas lichenoid reactions and autoimmune diseases occurred relatively late (4\u20138 months). With appropriate treatment and\/or interruption of ICIs, most rashes improved (50\/51, 98.0%). The ICI-induced inflammatory eruptions shared similar clinical and histopathological features with classical inflammatory eruptions, but a variety of inflammatory eruptions may occur with different degrees of severity. Dermatologists play an important role in providing specialized care for cutaneous irAEs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10040728","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,12]],"date-time":"2021-02-12T18:45:00Z","timestamp":1613155500000},"page":"728","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["The Clinical and Histopathological Features of Cutaneous Immune-Related Adverse Events and Their Outcomes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4672-1490","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiroki","family":"Hashimoto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2679-8546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takamichi","family":"Ito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Toshio","family":"Ichiki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuichi","family":"Yamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoshinao","family":"Oda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2967-1073","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masutaka","family":"Furue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"iv119","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdx225","article-title":"Management of toxicities from immunotherapy: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up","volume":"28","author":"Haanen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. 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