{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T14:25:43Z","timestamp":1793197543706,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,17]],"date-time":"2021-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613520000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The major causes of oral candidiasis include decreased salivary flow rate and the use of ill-fitting dentures. However, the relationships among prosthetic treatment, saliva, and Candida albicans have not been elucidated. This study aimed to examine the effects of prosthetic treatment and changes in saliva (mainly the salivary flow rate) on oral candidiasis symptoms. Participants requiring prosthetic treatment underwent testing for C. albicans, salivary flow rate, intraoral symptoms, and bite force at the initial visit and four months after treatment to evaluate pretreatment and post-treatment changes. The relationships among C. albicans, salivary flow rate, dentures, and intraoral symptoms were analyzed using multiple regression analysis. Denture treatment improved activity against C. albicans as well as the salivary flow rate, intraoral symptoms, and masticatory function. Multiple regression analysis revealed that changes in the stimulated salivary flow rate due to prosthetic treatment significantly improved C. albicans detection (p = 0.011), intraoral symptoms (p = 0.037), and bite force (p = 0.031). This study showed that prosthetic treatment improved salivary flow and intraoral symptoms and confirmed the influence of stimulated salivary flow rate changes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10040812","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,17]],"date-time":"2021-02-17T21:35:42Z","timestamp":1613597742000},"page":"812","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Positive Effects of Saliva on Oral Candidiasis: Basic Research on the Analysis of Salivary Properties"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Norishige","family":"Kawanishi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Interdisciplinary Medicine, Prosthodontics &amp; Oral Implantology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, Yokosuka 238-8580, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noriyuki","family":"Hoshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Interdisciplinary Medicine, Prosthodontics &amp; Oral Implantology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, Yokosuka 238-8580, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takuya","family":"Adachi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Interdisciplinary Medicine, Prosthodontics &amp; Oral Implantology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, Yokosuka 238-8580, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Narumi","family":"Ichigaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Interdisciplinary Medicine, Prosthodontics &amp; Oral Implantology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, Yokosuka 238-8580, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katsuhiko","family":"Kimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Interdisciplinary Medicine, Prosthodontics &amp; Oral Implantology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, Yokosuka 238-8580, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00389","article-title":"Development of a Multiplex PCR Platform for the Rapid Detection of Bacteria, Antibiotic Resistance, and Candida in Human Blood Samples","volume":"9","author":"Liotti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2019.103898","article-title":"Candida coinfection among patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in Asia and Africa; A systematic review and meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies","volume":"139","author":"Shakerimoghaddam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3061","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-018-2396-z","article-title":"Oral health in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: A multicenter case-control study","volume":"22","author":"Montero","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/589064","article-title":"A Study of Factors Contributing to Denture Stomatitis in a North Indian Community","volume":"2011","author":"Naik","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"5","article-title":"Substantiation of an artificial saliva formulated for use in a masticatory apparatus","volume":"35","author":"Woda","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trop. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2842.2004.01033.x","article-title":"The relationship between salivary secretion rate and masticatory efficiency","volume":"31","author":"Ishijima","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Oral Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"64","article-title":"The Association between Hyposalivation and Quality of Life in Dialysis Patients","volume":"67","author":"Arinaga","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dent. Health"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2006.01.001","article-title":"A preliminary study on the relationship between stimulated saliva and periodontal conditions in community-dwelling elderly people","volume":"34","author":"Hirotomi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"117","article-title":"Association of hyposalivation with oral function, nutrition and oral health in community-dwelling elderly Thai","volume":"29","author":"Samnieng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Community Dent. Health"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.4103\/jomfp.JOMFP_231_16","article-title":"A relationship between salivary flow rates and Candida counts in patients with xerostomia","volume":"21","author":"Nadig","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/S1079-2104(05)80384-1","article-title":"Relationship between salivary flow rates and Candida albicans counts","volume":"80","author":"Navazesh","year":"1995","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endodontol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.12683","article-title":"Metabolomics analysis of saliva from patients with primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome","volume":"182","author":"Kageyama","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-0825.2010.01773.x","article-title":"Saliva: Diagnostics and therapeutic perspectives","volume":"17","author":"Spielmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Oral Dis."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034515625222","article-title":"Innate Immunity and Saliva in Candida albicans\u2013mediated Oral Diseases","volume":"95","author":"Salvatori","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vila, T., Rizk, A.M., Sultan, A.S., and Jabra-Rizk, M.A. (2019). The power of saliva: Antimicrobial and beyond. PLoS Pathog., 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008058"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.12.3.475-476.1980","article-title":"Quantitative relationships between Candida albicans in saliva and the clinical status of human subjects","volume":"12","author":"Epstein","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1067\/moe.2002.119738","article-title":"Relationship between salivary flow rates and Candida counts in subjects with xerostomia","volume":"93","author":"Torres","year":"2002","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endodontol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-849X.2011.00698.x","article-title":"Epidemiology and Etiology of Denture Stomatitis","volume":"20","author":"Gendreau","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Prosthodont."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20180779","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-7757-2018-0779","article-title":"The effect of nanodiamonds on candida albicans adhesion and surface characteristics of PMMA denture base material\u2014An in vitro study","volume":"27","author":"Fouda","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Appl. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-46494-0","article-title":"Molecular community profiling of the bacterial microbiota associated with denture-related stomatitis","volume":"9","author":"Morse","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prosdent.2019.07.014","article-title":"The effect of overnight storage conditions on complete denture colonization by Candida albicans and dimensional stability: A systematic review","volume":"124","author":"Verhaeghe","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Dent."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00215-16","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00215-16","article-title":"The Denture-Associated Oral Microbiome in Health and Stomatitis","volume":"1","author":"Shi","year":"2016","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3913(92)90455-J","article-title":"Salivary secretion and denture retention","volume":"67","author":"Niedermeier","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Dent."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prosdent.2004.03.031","article-title":"Evaluation of unstimulated flow rates of whole and palatal saliva in healthy patients wearing complete dentures and in patients with Sjogren\u2019s syndrome","volume":"91","author":"Boros","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Dent."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2842.2001.00624.x","article-title":"Assessment of whole saliva flow rate in denture wearing patients","volume":"28","author":"Yurdukoru","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Oral Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3913(78)90004-5","article-title":"The role of saliva in retention of maxillary complete dentures","volume":"40","author":"Kawazoe","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Dent."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.4236\/ojst.2012.24047","article-title":"Evaluation of xerostomia closely associated with systemic diseases using a dental approach","volume":"2","author":"Mori","year":"2012","journal-title":"Open J. Stomatol."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"1","article-title":"Denture Treatment Improves Oral Discomfort Accompanying Dry Sensation","volume":"65","author":"Banka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oral Health Dent. Manag."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12116","article-title":"The physiology of salivary secretion","volume":"70","author":"Proctor","year":"2016","journal-title":"Periodontology 2000"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Okuma, N., Saita, M., Hoshi, N., Soga, T., Tomita, M., Sugimoto, M., and Kimoto, K. (2017). Effect of masticatory stimulation on the quantity and quality of saliva and the salivary metabolomic profile. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0183109"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoshi, N., Arai, Y., Kawanishi, N., Kumasaka, T., Tanaka, K., and Kimoto, K. (2017). The Effects of Prosthetic Treatment on Oral Candidiasis. Biol. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.4172\/0974-8369.1000397"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345870660S107","article-title":"Physiological Factors Affecting Salivary Flow Rate, Oral Sugar Clearance, and the Sensation of Dry Mouth in Man","volume":"66","author":"Dawes","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345870660030701","article-title":"The Effect of Taste Adaptation on Salivary Flow Rate and Salivary Sugar Clearance","volume":"66","author":"Dawes","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1993.tb18343.x","article-title":"Method for Collecting Saliva","volume":"694","author":"Navazesh","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2018.11.030","article-title":"Effects of inter-day and intra-day variation on salivary metabolomic profiles","volume":"489","author":"Kawanishi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpor.2013.12.005","article-title":"Properties of a color-changeable chewing gum used to evaluate masticatory performance","volume":"58","author":"Hama","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Prosthodont. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"1","article-title":"Reliability and validity of a quantitative color scale to evaluate masticatory performance using color-changeable chewing gum","volume":"61","author":"Hama","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Med. Dent. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2842.2011.02204.x","article-title":"Association between masticatory performance using a colour-changeable chewing gum and jaw movement","volume":"38","author":"Komagamine","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Oral Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.12216","article-title":"Association between near occlusal contact areas and mixing ability","volume":"41","author":"Horie","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Oral Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-9785(80)80047-0","article-title":"Oral Candida in asymptomatic denture wearers","volume":"9","author":"Berdicevsky","year":"1980","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Surg."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"54","article-title":"Candida albicans Importance to Denture Wearers. A Literature Review","volume":"17","author":"Gleiznys","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stomatologija"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Vasconcellos, A.A., Gon\u00e7alves, L.M., Cury, A.A.D.B., and da Silva, W.J. (2015). Candida-associated denture stomatitis: Clinical relevant aspects. Oral Candidosis, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-47194-4_7"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.4103\/2231-0762.183103","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of effect of complete denture wears on the flow rate of saliva in both medicated and apparently healthy patients","volume":"6","author":"Chandrasekaran","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Int. Soc. Prev. Community Dent."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1080\/1369378031008540886","article-title":"Clinical aspects of Candida species carriage in saliva of xerotomic subjects","volume":"41","author":"Torres","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1590\/S1806-83242007000200015","article-title":"A prospective randomized trial to reduce oral Candida spp. colonization in patients with hyposalivation","volume":"21","author":"Torres","year":"2007","journal-title":"Braz. Oral Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-029X.141325","article-title":"Oral candidiasis: An overview","volume":"18","author":"Agrawal","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1834-7819.1972.tb02746.x","article-title":"Diurnal variation of Candida albicans counts in saliva","volume":"17","author":"Williamson","year":"1972","journal-title":"Aust. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1177\/2380084419830941","article-title":"Salivary Biomarkers in Denture Stomatitis: A Systematic Review","volume":"4","author":"Khiyani","year":"2019","journal-title":"JDR Clin. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9188","DOI":"10.1021\/ac9020598","article-title":"Potential of Human Saliva for Nuclear Magnetic Resonance-Based Metabolomics and for Health-Related Biomarker Identification","volume":"81","author":"Bertram","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cll.2009.01.004","article-title":"Salivary Biomarkers for the Detection of Malignant Tumors That are Remote from the Oral Cavity","volume":"29","author":"Bigler","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.2217\/bmm.09.68","article-title":"Current developments in salivary diagnostics","volume":"4","author":"Miller","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biomark. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1718","DOI":"10.1007\/s12010-012-9891-5","article-title":"Saliva Metabolomics Opens Door to Biomarker Discovery, Disease Diagnosis, and Treatment","volume":"168","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3797","DOI":"10.21769\/BioProtoc.3797","article-title":"Quantification of Salivary Charged Metabolites using Capillary Electrophoresis Time-of-flight-mass Spectrometry","volume":"10","author":"Sugimoto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bio-Protocol"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/14789450.2020.1846524","article-title":"Salivary metabolomics for cancer detection","volume":"17","author":"Sugimoto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Proteom."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/10\/4\/812\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:25:18Z","timestamp":1760160318000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/10\/4\/812"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,17]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm10040812"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm10040812","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,17]]}}}