{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T13:54:47Z","timestamp":1781963687866,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,18]],"date-time":"2021-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613606400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Plasma cell gingivitis (PCG) is an infrequent inflammatory disease of the gingiva of unknown etiology, characterized by a dense polyclonal proliferation of plasma cells in the connective tissue. The aim of this study was to present a case series of patients affected by PCG, analyzing demographic, clinical, histopathological, and therapeutic data. A group of 36 females and 9 males with a mean age of 60.3 years was evaluated. Clinically, 25 cases were bullous, a clinical phenotype never reported to date, 4 erythematous, 4 keratotic, 4 verruciform, and 3 ulcerative. On histological examination, pure polyclonal plasma cell infiltrate was detected in 20 specimens, while in 25 specimens it was associated with a mixed infiltrate. The first-line therapy consisted of oral hygiene and topical corticosteroids in all patients. In 25 patients, doxycycline and sulfasalazine were added; in 10 of these patients, the disease persisted, and it was necessary to resort to systemic steroids. This study presented the clinico-pathological profile and outcomes of a case series of PCG. This could be an aid for clinicians to be aware of the heterogeneous clinical phenotype and of the possible pure bullous phenotype of PCG. Further studies are needed to improve the knowledge about this disorder.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10040830","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,18]],"date-time":"2021-02-18T20:56:21Z","timestamp":1613681781000},"page":"830","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Clinico-Pathological Profile and Outcomes of 45 Cases of Plasma Cell Gingivitis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4468-5083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefania","family":"Leuci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Oral Medicine Unit, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0030-3621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noemi","family":"Coppola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Oral Medicine Unit, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Adamo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Oral Medicine Unit, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6722-6499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Eleonora","family":"Bizzoca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Russo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Pathology Section, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3769-9786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianrico","family":"Spagnuolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Oral Medicine Unit, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4633-4893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Lo Muzio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele Davide","family":"Mignogna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Oral Medicine Unit, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2008.08.016","article-title":"Plasma cell mucositis of the oral cavity: Report of a case and review of the literature","volume":"106","author":"Solomon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endodontology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oooo.2016.05.014","article-title":"Circumorificial plasmacytosis\/plasma cell orificial mucositis: A case series and a review of the literature","volume":"122","author":"Galvin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0560.2009.01371.x","article-title":"Idiopathic Lymphoplasmacellular mucositis-dermatitis","volume":"37","author":"Brix","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cutan. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215107000631","article-title":"An unusual presentation of oropharyngeal mucosal plasmacytosis related to toothpaste","volume":"122","author":"Tong","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Laryngol. Otol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215112001922","article-title":"Balloon dilatation to treat plasmacytosis of the supraglottic larynx","volume":"126","author":"Mistry","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Laryngol. Otol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1971.42.11.709","article-title":"Allergic Gingivostomatitis (Due to Gum Chewing)","volume":"42","author":"Kerr","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"701","article-title":"Cheilitis from sensitivity to oil of cinnamon present in bubble gum","volume":"132","year":"1946","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"i6","article-title":"Contact Allergy Due to Chewing Gum; a Case Report","volume":"22","author":"Yeretsky","year":"1940","journal-title":"Mich. Dent. Assoc. J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(50)90009-0","article-title":"Contact allergy due to mint chewing gum","volume":"3","author":"Sugarman","year":"1950","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"619","article-title":"An epilogue to plasma-cell gingivostomatitis (allergic gingivostamtitis)","volume":"223","author":"Silverman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1658","DOI":"10.5958\/0976-5506.2019.02346.5","article-title":"Plasma cell gingivitis-a case report","volume":"10","author":"Lamdari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J. Public Heal. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.4801364","article-title":"Plasma cell gingivitis apparently related to the use of khat: Report of a case","volume":"192","author":"Marker","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"15","article-title":"Unusual manifestation of mucosal plasmacytosis mimicking erythema multiforme","volume":"22","author":"Vinay","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dermatol. Online J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjdr.2014.05.001","article-title":"Oral plasma-cell mucositis exacerbated by qat chewing\u2014A case series","volume":"6","year":"2015","journal-title":"Saudi J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"21","article-title":"Plasma cell gingivitis associated with khat chewing","volume":"5","author":"Rawal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Periodontal Practice Today"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-237X.101086","article-title":"Plasma cell gingivitis-A rare case related to Colocasia (arbi) leaves","volume":"3","author":"Bali","year":"2012","journal-title":"Contemp. Clin. Dent."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1834-7819.1993.tb05499.x","article-title":"Orofacial sensitivity reactions and the role of dietary components. Case reports","volume":"38","author":"Reed","year":"1993","journal-title":"Aust. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"155","article-title":"Plasma cell gingivitis associated with dry flower buds of clove: A case report","volume":"37","author":"Panpradit","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1972.43.2.110","article-title":"Psychiatric and Histologic Findings in an Unusual Type of Chronic Gingivitis: Report of Seven Cases","volume":"43","author":"Epstein","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1159\/000350184","article-title":"Successful treatment of plasmacytosis circumorificialis with topical tacrolimus: Two case reports and an immunohistochemical study","volume":"5","author":"Fujimura","year":"2013","journal-title":"Case Rep. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"235","article-title":"Plasma-cell gingivitis: Report of a case","volume":"55","author":"Lubow","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Oral Surg."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2008.03385.x","article-title":"Intertriginous plasmacytosis with plasmoacanthoma: Report of a typical case and review of the literature","volume":"47","author":"Senol","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(81)90038-4","article-title":"Plasma-cell gingivitis","volume":"51","author":"Palmer","year":"1981","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0714.1999.tb02021.x","article-title":"Plasma cell mucositis: A review and case report","volume":"28","author":"Smith","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Oral Pathol. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2018075","DOI":"10.4322\/acr.2018.075","article-title":"Plasma cell cheilitis: The diagnosis of a disorder mimicking lip cancer","volume":"9","author":"Cunha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Autops. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2014.12.019","article-title":"Orofacial plasmacytosis: A management conundrum","volume":"53","author":"Madhavarajan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0000000000000987","article-title":"Syphilis of the Aerodigestive Tract","volume":"42","author":"Tse","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1038\/nrclinonc.2010.103","article-title":"Castleman\u2019s disease\u2014A two compartment model of HHV8 infection","volume":"7","author":"Schulte","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"100784","article-title":"Alveolar lymphocytosis with plasmacytosis in severe COVID-19","volume":"78","author":"Voiriot","year":"2020","journal-title":"Respir. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2008.03.009","article-title":"Plasma cell cheilitis","volume":"46","author":"Farrier","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1684\/ejd.2016.2858","article-title":"Plasma cell cheilitis successfully treated with topical calcineurin inhibitors","volume":"26","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2004.00791.x","article-title":"Plasma cell cheilitis","volume":"18","author":"Rocha","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-124X.118330","article-title":"An unusual clinical presentation of plasma cell gingivitis related to \u2018acacia\u2019 containing herbal toothpaste","volume":"17","author":"Makkar","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Indian Soc. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.1992.tb00176.x","article-title":"Oral papillary plasmacytosis resembling candidosis without demonstrable fungus in lesional tissue","volume":"17","author":"Grattan","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1097\/01.dad.0000181107.08791.87","article-title":"Cutaneous plasmacytosis: A report of five cases with immunohistochemical evaluation for HHV-8 expression","volume":"28","author":"Jayaraman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Dermatopathol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.5021\/ad.2017.29.5.536","article-title":"Plasma cell cheilitis: A clinicopathological and immunohistochemical study of 13 cases","volume":"29","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1986.01660230113023","article-title":"Plasma Cell Orificial Mucositis","volume":"122","author":"White","year":"1986","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"58","article-title":"Plasma Cell Gingivitis-a Misnomer or Reality","volume":"6","author":"Agarwal","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res. Bio. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1670","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2011.100663","article-title":"Professional Oral Hygiene as a Therapeutic Option for Pediatric Patients with Plasma Cell Gingivitis: Preliminary Results of a Prospective Case Series","volume":"82","author":"Arduino","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034519847443","article-title":"IL-37- and IL-35\/IL-37-Producing Plasma Cells in Chronic Periodontitis","volume":"98","author":"Jing","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, V., Tripathi, A.K., Saimbi, C.S., and Sinha, J. (2015). Plasma cell gingivitis with severe alveolar bone loss. Case Rep.","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2014-207013"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2241","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2008.080217","article-title":"Nikolsky\u2019s sign on the gingival mucosa: A clinical tool for oral health practitioners","volume":"79","author":"Mignogna","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-019-00461-7","article-title":"Oral Lesions in Autoimmune Bullous Diseases: An Overview of Clinical Characteristics and Diagnostic Algorithm","volume":"20","author":"Rashid","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2018.00020","article-title":"Direct Immunofluorescence Using Non-Lesional Buccal Mucosa in Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid","volume":"5","author":"Kamaguchi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2009.10.030","article-title":"Squamous cell carcinoma arising in mucosal plasmacytosis","volume":"48","author":"Pepper","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1960.01580060075010","article-title":"Plasmocytic Mucosal Infiltrates in Multiple Myeloma","volume":"82","author":"Cohen","year":"1960","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/S1368-8375(97)00065-1","article-title":"Scoring oral mucositis","volume":"34","author":"Parulekar","year":"1998","journal-title":"Oral Oncol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1258\/0022215011909396","article-title":"Plasma cell infiltration of the upper aerodigestive tract treated with radiation therapy","volume":"115","author":"Fogarty","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Laryngol. Otol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pop.2016.07.002","article-title":"Plasma Cell Disorders","volume":"43","author":"Castillo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Primary Care"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2008.07421.x","article-title":"Plasmacytoma of bone, extramedullary plasmacytoma, and multiple myeloma: Incidence and survival in the United States, 1992\u20132004","volume":"144","author":"Dores","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-017-2232-x","article-title":"Comprehensive analysis of 225 Castleman\u2019s diseases in the oral maxillofacial and neck region: A rare disease revisited","volume":"22","author":"He","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/10\/4\/830\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:25:37Z","timestamp":1760160337000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/10\/4\/830"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,18]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm10040830"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm10040830","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,18]]}}}