{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T15:42:27Z","timestamp":1761061347014,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,18]],"date-time":"2021-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613606400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP19fk0210034","JP20fk0310101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP19fk0210034","JP20fk0310101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001700","name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19H03640"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19H03640"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001700","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>It has been reported that hepatic flare (HF), attributable to the development of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)\/hepatitis B virus (HBV) coinfected patients, occurs frequently after the start of anti-retroviral therapy (ART). We have observed several cases of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) loss after IRIS. However, the factors leading to HBsAg clearance remain unknown. We measured CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, cytokines and chemokines in 16 patients coinfected HIV-1 and HBV with IRIS, and analyzed the factors leading to HBsAg clearance after IRIS. There was no significant difference in the CD4+ and CD8+ T cell counts between the HBsAg clearance and non-clearance groups, while the serum concentrations of almost all cytokines and chemokines in the HBsAg clearance group were higher than in the HBsAg non-clearance group at any time of observation. In particular, IP-10 at the ALT peak, GM-CSF and IL-12 one month after the ALT peak and TNF-\u03b1 and GM-CSF after the ALT concentrations fell to within normal limits, were significantly higher in the HBsAg clearance group. It seems that HBsAg loss after IRIS requires continued immune responses against HBV, involving Th1 cytokines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10040833","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,18]],"date-time":"2021-02-18T20:56:21Z","timestamp":1613681781000},"page":"833","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Cytokines and Chemokines Involved in Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Loss in Human Immunodeficiency Virus\/Hepatitis B Virus Coinfected Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Noboru","family":"Urata","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, National Hospital Organization, Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya 460-0001, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Virology and Liver Unit, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8602, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7659-914X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tsunamasa","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki 216-8511, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Noboru","family":"Hirashima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, National Hospital Organization, Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya 460-0001, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoshiyuki","family":"Yokomaku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, National Hospital Organization, Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya 460-0001, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junji","family":"Imamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, National Hospital Organization, Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya 460-0001, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, National Hospital Organization, Sendai Medical Center, Sendai 983-8520, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9269-4828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasumasa","family":"Iwatani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, National Hospital Organization, Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya 460-0001, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masaaki","family":"Shimada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, National Hospital Organization, Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya 460-0001, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yasuhito","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology and Liver Unit, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8602, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2020, December 07). 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Res."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/10\/4\/833\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:25:42Z","timestamp":1760160342000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/10\/4\/833"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,18]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm10040833"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm10040833","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2077-0383"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,18]]}}}