{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T03:47:10Z","timestamp":1791690430050,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614556800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Thoracic outlet syndrome comprises a group of disorders that result in compression of the brachial plexus and subclavian vessels exiting the thoracic outlet. Symptoms include pain, paresthesia, pallor, and weakness depending upon the compromised structures. While consensus in diagnostic criteria has not yet been established, a thorough patient history, physical exam, and appropriate imaging studies are helpful in diagnosis. General first-line therapy for thoracic outlet syndrome is a conservative treatment, and may include physical therapy, lifestyle modifications, NSAIDs, and injection therapy of botulinum toxin A or steroids. Patients who have failed conservative therapy are considered for surgical decompression. This article aims to review the epidemiology, etiology, relevant anatomy, clinical presentations, diagnosis, and management of thoracic outlet syndrome.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10050962","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T10:25:18Z","timestamp":1614594318000},"page":"962","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":78,"title":["Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4918-0060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathan","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical College of Wisconsin\u2013Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregor","family":"Dierks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center\u2013Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71106, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hayley E.","family":"Vervaeke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center\u2013Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71106, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allison","family":"Jumonville","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center\u2013Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71106, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2464-0187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alan D.","family":"Kaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71106, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4754-3988","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dariusz","family":"Myrcik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, 42-600 Bytom, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonella","family":"Paladini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of MESVA, University of L\u2019Aquila, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3822-2923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giustino","family":"Varrassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paolo Procacci Foundation, Via Tacito 7, 00193 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omar","family":"Viswanath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71106, USA"},{"name":"Valley Anesthesiology and Pain Consultants\u2013Envision Physician Services, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68114, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3652-6085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivan","family":"Urits","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71106, USA"},{"name":"Southcoast Health, Southcoast Physicians Group Pain Medicine, Wareham, MA 02571, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"281","article-title":"Thoracic-Outlet Syndrome: Evaluation of A Therapeutic Exercise Program","volume":"31","author":"Peet","year":"1956","journal-title":"Proc. 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