{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,26]],"date-time":"2026-04-26T01:05:35Z","timestamp":1777165535617,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,2]],"date-time":"2021-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614643200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Stress and depression are known to contribute to coronary artery disease (CAD) with catecholamines (CA), altering the balance to a pro- and anti-inflammatory stetting and potentially playing a key role in the underlying pathophysiology. This study aimed to elucidate the impact of social stress on the CA system and inflammation markers in patients suffering from CAD and depression. Methods: 93 subjects were exposed to the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST). Based on the results of the depression subscale of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS, German Version) and the presence\/absence of CAD, they were divided into four groups. A total of 21 patients suffered from CAD and depression (+D+CAD), 26 suffered from CAD alone (\u2212D+CAD), and 23 suffered from depression only (+D\u2212CAD); another 23 subjects served as healthy controls (\u2212D\u2212CAD). Subjects were registered at 09:00 AM at the laboratory. A peripheral venous catheter was inserted, and after a 60-min-resting period, the TSST was applied. Prior to and 5, 15, 30, and 60 min after the stress test, plasma epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine concentrations (High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)) were measured together with the inflammation markers interleukin-6 (IL-6) and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1). High-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)) was measured prior to TSST. Results: (+D\u2212CAD) and (+D+CAD) patients showed significantly lower epinephrine and dopamine levels compared to the (\u2212D+CAD) and (\u2212D\u2212CAD) participants at baseline (prior to TSST). Over the whole measurement period after the TSST, no inter-group difference was detected. Partial correlation (controlling for age, gender and Body Mass Index (BMI)) revealed a significant direct relation between MCP-1 and norepinephrine (r = 0.47, p = 0.03) and MCP-1 and epinephrine (r = 0.46, p = 0.04) in patients with \u2212D+CAD at rest. Conclusions: The stress response of the CA system was not affected by depression or CAD, whereas at baseline we detected a depression-related reduction of epinephrine and dopamine release independent of CAD comorbidity. Reduced norepinephrine and dopamine secretion in the central nervous system in depression, known as \u2018CA-deficit hypothesis\u2019, are targets of antidepressant drugs. Our results point towards a CA-deficit in the peripheral nervous system in line with CA-deficit of the central nervous system and CA exhaustion in depression. This might explain somatic symptoms such as constipation, stomach pain, diarrhoea, sweating, tremor, and the influence of depression on the outcome of somatic illness such as CAD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10050986","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,2]],"date-time":"2021-03-02T01:49:44Z","timestamp":1614649784000},"page":"986","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Systemic Catecholaminergic Deficiency in Depressed Patients with and without Coronary Artery Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Uta","family":"Hoppmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Medical University of Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6329-1990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harald","family":"Engler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sabrina","family":"Krause","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edit","family":"Rottler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Hoech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4744-9596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Franziska","family":"Szabo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Radermacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Anaesthesiological Pathophysiology and Process Engineering, Medical University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christiane","family":"Waller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg General Hospital, 90419 Nuremberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0b013e31826ddbed","article-title":"The Impact of Premorbid and Postmorbid Depression Onset on Mortality and Cardiac Morbidity among Patients with Coronary Heart Disease: Meta-Analysis","volume":"74","author":"Leung","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-018-01966-x","article-title":"The association of obesity and coronary artery disease genes with response to SSRIs treatment in major depression","volume":"126","author":"Amare","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Neural. Transm."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.10.051","article-title":"The inflammasome NLRP12 is associated with both depression and coronary artery disease in Vietnam veterans","volume":"270","author":"Akosile","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/695925","article-title":"Depression and Cardiac Disease: Epidemiology, Mechanisms, and Diagnosis","volume":"2013","author":"Huffman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Psychiatry Neurol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI63108","article-title":"Adaptive immunity in atherogenesis: New insights and therapeutic approaches","volume":"123","author":"Lichtman","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2195","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0807646","article-title":"Rosuvastatin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated C-reactive protein","volume":"359","author":"Ridker","year":"2008","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000158484.18024.1F","article-title":"HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibition Reduces Monocyte CC Chemokine Receptor 2 Expression and Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1\u2013Mediated Monocyte Recruitment In Vivo","volume":"111","author":"Han","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9023","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-012-1773-y","article-title":"Impact of MCP-1 and CCR-2 gene polymorphisms on coronary artery disease susceptibility","volume":"39","author":"Lin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"1484","article-title":"Elevated monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 serum levels in patients at risk for coronary artery disease","volume":"69","author":"Martinovic","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circ. J. Off. J. Jpn. Circ. Soc."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI115411","article-title":"Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in human atheromatous plaques","volume":"88","author":"Nelken","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1097\/00041433-200410000-00009","article-title":"Mechanisms of leukocyte recruitment to atherosclerotic lesions: Future prospects","volume":"15","author":"Eriksson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Lipidol."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"390","article-title":"Non-Hemodynamic Effects of Catecholamines","volume":"48","author":"Hartmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Shock Inj. Inflamm. Sepsis Lab. Clin. Approaches"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"13","article-title":"Catecholamines in myocardial ischemia. Systemic and cardiac release","volume":"82","year":"1990","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2012.01.021","article-title":"Psychological stress, immune response, and atherosclerosis","volume":"223","author":"Gu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petidis, K., Douma, S., Doumas, M., Basagiannis, I., Vogiatzis, K., and Zamboulis, C. (2008). The interaction of vasoactive substances during exercise modulates platelet aggregation in hypertension and coronary artery disease. BMC Cardiovasc. Disord., 8.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2261-8-11"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e328011753e","article-title":"C-reactive protein, an \u201cintermediate phenotype\u201d for inflammation: Human twin studies reveal heritability, association with blood pressure and the metabolic syndrome, and the influence of common polymorphism at catecholaminergic\/beta-adrenergic pathway loci","volume":"25","author":"Wessel","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.21018","article-title":"Modeling multisystem biological risk in young adults: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study","volume":"22","author":"Seeman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Biol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ulleryd, M.A., Prahl, U., B\u00f6rsbo, J., Schmidt, C., Nilsson, S., Bergstr\u00f6m, G., and Johansson, M.E. (2017). The association between autonomic dysfunction, inflammation and atherosclerosis in men under investigation for carotid plaques. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0174974"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541230","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/541230","article-title":"Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction across broad-ranging pathologies: Toward mitochondria-targeted clinical strategies","volume":"2014","author":"Pagano","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tonhajzerova, I., Sekaninova, N., Olexova, L.B., and Visnovcova, Z. (2020). Novel Insight into Neuroimmune Regulatory Mechanisms and Biomarkers Linking Major Depression and Vascular Diseases: The Dilemma Continues. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21072317"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.12698","article-title":"Peripheral cytokine and chemokine alterations in depression: A meta-analysis of 82 studies","volume":"135","author":"Freitas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881117711708","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory treatment for major depressive disorder: Implications for patients with an elevated immune profile and non-responders to standard antidepressant therapy","volume":"31","author":"Doorduin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2013.06.004","article-title":"CRP, IL-6 and depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies","volume":"150","author":"Valkanova","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Affect Disord."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2018.10.012","article-title":"Inflammation as a predictor of disease course in posttraumatic stress disorder and depression: A prospective analysis from the Mind Your Heart Study","volume":"75","author":"Eswarappa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-019-0474-5","article-title":"Peripheral cytokine levels and response to antidepressant treatment in depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2016.11.031","article-title":"Oxidative stress, inflammation and treatment response in major depression","volume":"76","author":"Lindqvist","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharep.2013.06.003","article-title":"The influence of mianserin on TNF-\u03b1, IL-6 and IL-10 serum levels in rats under chronic mild stress","volume":"66","author":"Manikowska","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2019.09.015","article-title":"Parasympathetic predominance is a risk factor for future depression: A prospective cohort study","volume":"260","author":"An","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"7343592","article-title":"Evaluation of Autonomic Nervous System, Saliva Cortisol Levels, and Cognitive Function in Major Depressive Disorder Patients","volume":"2018","author":"Ngampramuan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Depress. Res. Treat"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1982.04290090027006","article-title":"Alteration of Norepinephrine Metabolism with Desipramine and Zimelidine in Depressed Patients","volume":"39","author":"Linnoila","year":"1982","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1985.01790350055010","article-title":"Plasma Norepinephrine Level in Affective Disorders: Relationship to Melancholia","volume":"42","author":"Roy","year":"1985","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.6.661","article-title":"Depression and heart rate variability in patients with stable coronary heart disease: Findings from the Heart and Soul Study","volume":"62","author":"Gehi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1067\/mhj.2000.109981","article-title":"Heart rate variability in depressive and anxiety disorders","volume":"140","author":"Gorman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)11144-8","article-title":"Baroreflex sensitivity and heart-rate variability in prediction of total cardiac mortality after myocardial infarction. ATRAMI (Autonomic Tone and Reflexes after Myocardial Infarction) Investigators","volume":"351","author":"Bigger","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000006942","article-title":"Autonomic nervous system and neuroimmune interactions: New insights and clinical implications","volume":"92","author":"Benarroch","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.04.027","article-title":"Comorbidity between depression and asthma via immune-inflammatory pathways: A meta-analysis","volume":"166","author":"Jiang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Affect Disord."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2012.10.006","article-title":"Immune changes and neurotransmitters: Possible interactions in depression?","volume":"48","author":"Kohl","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Laux, L., Glanzmann, P., Schaffner, C.D., and Spielberger, C.D. (1981). Das State-Trait-Angstinventar (Testmappe Mit Handanweisung, Fragebogen STAI-G Form X 1 Und Fragebogen STAI-G Form X 2), Beltz."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1159\/000223610","article-title":"PASA\u2014Primary Appraisal Secondary Appraisal","volume":"19","author":"Gaab","year":"2009","journal-title":"Verhaltenstherapie"},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Zerssen, D.v., and Petermann, F. (2011). B-LR\u2014Beschwerden-Liste\u2014Revidierte Fassung, Hogrefe Testzentrale."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1159\/000119004","article-title":"The \u2018Trier Social Stress Test\u2019\u2014A tool for investigating psychobiological stress responses in a laboratory setting","volume":"28","author":"Kirschbaum","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neuropsychobiology"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.144.11.1419","article-title":"Controllable and uncontrollable stress in humans: Alterations in mood and neuroendocrine and psychophysiological function","volume":"144","author":"Breier","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-5846(96)00075-9","article-title":"Stress versus depression","volume":"20","author":"Lechin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2019.07.003","article-title":"Dopamine outside the brain: The eye, cardiovascular system and endocrine pancreas","volume":"203","author":"Bucolo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(98)00049-3","article-title":"Major depression, heart rate, and plasma norepinephrine in patients with coronary heart disease","volume":"45","author":"Carney","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2139","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.11.2139","article-title":"Depressive symptoms and 24-hour urinary norepinephrine excretion levels in patients with coronary disease: Findings from the Heart and Soul Study","volume":"162","author":"Otte","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1781(99)00055-4","article-title":"Catecholamines in depression: A cumulative study of urinary norepinephrine and its major metabolites in unipolar and bipolar depressed patients versus healthy volunteers at the NIMH","volume":"87","author":"Grossman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/40.2.279","article-title":"Catecholamines in depression: An update","volume":"40","author":"Potter","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjhf\/hfn028","article-title":"Prevalence and prognostic significance of adrenergic escape during chronic beta-blocker therapy in chronic heart failure","volume":"11","author":"Frankenstein","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.026336","article-title":"Medical Therapy for Secondary Prevention and Long-Term Outcome in Patients with Myocardial Infarction With Nonobstructive Coronary Artery Disease","volume":"135","author":"Lindahl","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2015.06.013","article-title":"Impaired adrenal medullary function in a mouse model of depression induced by unpredictable chronic stress","volume":"25","author":"Santana","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. J. Eur. Coll. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(94)00258-5","article-title":"Plasma neurotransmitters, blood pressure, and heart rate during supine-resting, orthostasis, and moderate exercise conditions in major depressed patients","volume":"38","author":"Lechin","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1864","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2008.107193","article-title":"Neuronal Source of Plasma Dopamine","volume":"54","author":"Goldstein","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S93","DOI":"10.1291\/hypres.18.SupplementI_S93","article-title":"Is there a third peripheral catecholaminergic system? Endogenous dopamine as an autocrine\/paracrine substance derived from plasma DOPA and inactivated by conjugation","volume":"18","author":"Goldstein","year":"1995","journal-title":"Hypertens. Res. Off. J. Jpn. Soc. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jhh.1000870","article-title":"Peripheral dopamine in hypertension and associated conditions","volume":"13","author":"Kuchel","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Hum. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710781","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/710781","article-title":"Atrial natriuretic peptide and renal dopaminergic system: A positive friendly relationship?","volume":"2014","author":"Choi","year":"2014","journal-title":"BioMed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-2384","article-title":"Circulating dopamine and C-peptide levels in fasting nondiabetic hypertensive patients: The Graz Endocrine Causes of Hypertension study","volume":"35","author":"Tomaschitz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7379","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1322174111","article-title":"Voluntary activation of the sympathetic nervous system and attenuation of the innate immune response in humans","volume":"111","author":"Kox","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI118469","article-title":"Epinephrine inhibits tumor necrosis factor-alpha and potentiates interleukin 10 production during human endotoxemia","volume":"97","author":"Coyle","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"4195","article-title":"Peripheral Alterations in Cytokine and Chemokine Levels after Antidepressant Drug Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"55","author":"Freitas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2005.03.007","article-title":"Plasma MCP-1 level and risk for peripheral arterial disease and incident coronary heart disease: Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study","volume":"183","author":"Hoogeveen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"1","article-title":"Inflammatory cytokine and chemokine profiles are associated with patient outcome and the hyperadrenergic state following acute brain injury","volume":"13","author":"Rhind","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"4266","article-title":"Adrenergic regulation of monocyte chemotactic protein 1 leads to enhanced macrophage recruitment and ovarian carcinoma growth","volume":"6","author":"Nagaraja","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2016.09.004","article-title":"Carvedilol attenuates paraquat-induced lung injury by inhibition of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokine MCP-1, NF-\u03baB activation and oxidative stress mediators","volume":"88","author":"Amirshahrokhi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.135905","article-title":"Exaggerated blood pressure variability superimposed on hypertension aggravates cardiac remodeling in rats via angiotensin II system-mediated chronic inflammation","volume":"54","author":"Kudo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0b013e32834b9db6","article-title":"Inflammatory mechanisms in major depressive disorder","volume":"24","author":"Raedler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kalkman, H.O. (2019). Novel Treatment Targets Based on Insights in the Etiology of Depression: Role of IL-6 Trans-Signaling and Stress-Induced Elevation of Glutamate and ATP. Pharmaceuticals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph12030113"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2018.08.031","article-title":"Effects of acute stress on social behavior in women","volume":"99","author":"Ditzen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2019.04.002","article-title":"Examining reactivity patterns in burnout and other indicators of chronic stress","volume":"106","author":"Wekenborg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.3758\/s13415-019-00750-y","article-title":"Internalized weight bias and cortisol reactivity to social stress","volume":"20","author":"Jung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meier, M., Wirz, L., Dickinson, P., and Pruessner, J.C. (2020). Laughter yoga reduces the cortisol response to acute stress in healthy individuals. Stress, 1\u20139.","DOI":"10.1080\/10253890.2020.1766018"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2019.00415","article-title":"How Cortisol Reactivity Influences Prosocial Decision-Making: The Moderating Role of Sex and Empathic Concern","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E12","DOI":"10.1097\/HCR.0000000000000457","article-title":"Cardiovascular Reactivity to Acute Mental Stress: The importance of typed personality, trait anxiety, and depression symptoms in patients after acute coronary syndromes","volume":"39","author":"Gecaite","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cardiopulm. Rehabil. Prev."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/10\/5\/986\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:31:10Z","timestamp":1760160670000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/10\/5\/986"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,2]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm10050986"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm10050986","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,2]]}}}