{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T00:39:15Z","timestamp":1768437555179,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,4]],"date-time":"2021-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pediatric-adolescent or developmental gynecology has been separated from general gynecology because of the unique issues that affect the development and anatomy of growing girls and young women. It deals with patients from the neonatal period until maturity. There are not many gynecological problems that can be diagnosed in newborns; however, some are typical of the neonatal period. This paper aims to discuss the most frequent gynecological issues in the neonatal period.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10051071","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,4]],"date-time":"2021-03-04T21:58:07Z","timestamp":1614895087000},"page":"1071","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Gynecological Problems in Newborns and Infants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3908-6617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Wr\u00f3blewska-Seniuk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Newborns\u2019 Infectious Diseases, Chair of Neonatology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-535 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gra\u017cyna","family":"Jarz\u0105bek-Bielecka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Perinatology and Gynecology, Division of Developmental Gynecology and Sexology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-535 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Witold","family":"K\u0119dzia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Perinatology and Gynecology, Division of Developmental Gynecology and Sexology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-535 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2015.11.022","article-title":"Clinical significance of neonatal menstruation","volume":"196","author":"Brosens","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.01.013","article-title":"The potential perinatal origin of placentation disorders in the young primigravida","volume":"212","author":"Brosens","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2893","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/det359","article-title":"Neonatal uterine bleeding as antecedent of pelvic endometriosis","volume":"28","author":"Brosens","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1097\/GCO.0000000000000398","article-title":"Current review of prepubertal vaginal bleeding","volume":"29","author":"Dwiggins","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1097\/OGX.0000000000000290","article-title":"Prepubertal vaginal bleeding: Etiolofy, diagnostic approach, and management","volume":"71","author":"Howell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol. Surv."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, K.H., Hong, J.S., Jung, H.J., Jeong, H.K., Moon, S.J., Park, W.H., Jeong, Y.M., Song, S.W., Suk, Y., and Son, M.J. (2019). Imperforate Hymen: A Comprehensive Systematic Review. J. Clin. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8010056"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/S1726-4901(08)70132-1","article-title":"Prenatal Diagnosis of Isolated Fetal Hydrocolpos Secondary to Congenital Imperforate Hymen","volume":"71","author":"Tseng","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Chin. Med Assoc."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpag.2005.06.008","article-title":"Familial Occurrence of Imperforate Hymen","volume":"18","author":"Sakalkale","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Adolesc. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/S1726-4901(09)70223-0","article-title":"Imperforate Hymen Complicated with Pyocolpos and Lobar Nephronia","volume":"69","author":"Shen","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Chin. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1016\/0029-7844(94)00405-3","article-title":"Prenatal diagnosis of congenital imperforate hymen","volume":"85","author":"Winderl","year":"1995","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpag.2006.01.005","article-title":"Congenital imperforate hymen and its life-threatening consequences in the neonatal period","volume":"19","author":"Fleming","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Adolesc. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-018-1018-x","article-title":"Treatment with oestrogen or manual separation for labial adhesions\u2014Initial outcome and long-term follow-up","volume":"18","author":"Wejde","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpag.2011.02.012","article-title":"Congenital Paraurethral Cysts in two Newborn Girls: Differential Diagnosis, Management Strategies, and Spontaneous Resolution","volume":"25","author":"Badalyan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Adolesc. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMicm0707832","article-title":"Neonatal Breast Enlargement","volume":"360","author":"Amer","year":"2009","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.4103\/2249-4847.134701","article-title":"Sonographic Features of Physiologic Neonatal Breast Enlargement","volume":"3","author":"Jawahar","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neonatol."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"219","article-title":"Witch\u2019s milk and witches\u2019 marks","volume":"22","author":"Forbes","year":"1950","journal-title":"Yale J. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"695","article-title":"Milk protein concentrations in neonatal milk (witch\u2019s milk)","volume":"39","author":"Yap","year":"1980","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"239","article-title":"A relationship between neonatal breast size and cord blood testosterone level","volume":"20","author":"Francis","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Lab. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1097\/RLU.0b013e318292aaba","article-title":"\"Witch\u2019s milk\" and 99mTc-pertechnetate uptake in neonatal breast tissue: An uncommon but not unexpected finding","volume":"38","author":"Jain","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(82)80708-7","article-title":"Galactorrhea and neonatal hypothyroidism","volume":"101","author":"Macaron","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1097\/01.pec.0000081239.98249.09","article-title":"Neonatal mastitis","volume":"19","author":"Stauffer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatr. Emerg. Care"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"274","article-title":"Bilateral ectopic breast of the vulva. Report of a case","volume":"32","author":"Levin","year":"1968","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3054","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.32037","article-title":"Genetics of sexual development: A new paradigm","volume":"143A","author":"Blecher","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet. A"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"465","article-title":"Problems involved in the gynecological examination of girls","volume":"69","year":"2000","journal-title":"Now. Lek."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Jameson, J.L., and De Groot, L.C. (2010). Diagnosis and Treatment of Disorders of Sexual Development. Endocrinology: Adult and Pediatric, Elsevier Saunders."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gde.2006.04.014","article-title":"Sex determination and sex reversal","volume":"16","author":"Camerino","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"231","article-title":"Genital findings in the female pseudo-hermaphroditism of the congenital adrenogenital syndrome; morphology, frequency, development and heredity of the different genital forms","volume":"9","author":"Prader","year":"1954","journal-title":"Helv. Paediatr. Acta"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Behrman, R.E., Kliegman, R., and Jenson, H.B. (2007). Disorders of the gonads. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics, Saunders."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"245","article-title":"Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency","volume":"21","author":"White","year":"2000","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"271","article-title":"Androgen Receptor Defects: Historical, Clinical, and Molecular Perspectives*","volume":"16","author":"Quigley","year":"1995","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S74","DOI":"10.1097\/00004703-200410001-00015","article-title":"A Newborn Infant with a Disorder of Sexual Differentiation","volume":"25","author":"Stein","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Dev. Behav. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"74","article-title":"Disorders of sex development\u2014New terminology and new recommendations for therapeutic management","volume":"12","author":"Bajszczak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Seksuologia Pol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2002.011312","article-title":"Early assessment of ambiguous genitalia","volume":"89","author":"Brain","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2019.01.027","article-title":"Management of ovarian lesions diagnosed during infancy","volume":"54","author":"Rialon","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s003830000471","article-title":"Ovarian cysts in newborns","volume":"17","author":"Chiaramonte","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatr. Surg. Int."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.185.2.01850501","article-title":"Conservative Versus Surgical Treatment for Complex Neonatal Ovarian Cysts: Outcomes Study","volume":"185","author":"Piqueras","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1007\/s003830050015","article-title":"Neonatal ovarian cysts: Management and follow-up","volume":"16","author":"Luzzatto","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatr. Surg. Int."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3468(91)90502-K","article-title":"Surgical indications in antenatally diagnosed ovarian cysts","volume":"26","author":"Brandt","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpag.2017.01.011","article-title":"Evaluation and Treatment Results of Ovarian Cysts in Childhood and Adolescence: A Multicenter, Retrospective Study of 100 Patients","volume":"30","author":"Aydin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Adolesc. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2014.01.040","article-title":"Management of Neonatal Ovarian Cysts and its Effect on Ovarian Preservation","volume":"49","author":"Papic","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sempedsurg.2005.01.002","article-title":"Ovarian cysts in infants and children","volume":"14","author":"Brandt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Semin. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpag.2014.10.003","article-title":"Ovarian Cyst Aspiration in the Neonate: Minimally Invasive Surgery","volume":"28","author":"Cho","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Adolesc. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-006-0240-0","article-title":"Percutaneous drainage as the treatment of choice for neonatal ovarian cysts","volume":"36","author":"Kessler","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatr. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"337","article-title":"Complex Fetal Ovarian Cysts Cause Problems Even After Regression","volume":"24","author":"Olguner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.5152\/tpa.2014.2038","article-title":"Mini puberty and its interpretation","volume":"49","author":"Kurtoglu","year":"2014","journal-title":"T\u00fcrk Pediatri Ar\u015fivi"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/10\/5\/1071\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:33:00Z","timestamp":1760160780000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/10\/5\/1071"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,4]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm10051071"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm10051071","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,4]]}}}