{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T20:28:25Z","timestamp":1793392105400,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":127,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,5]],"date-time":"2021-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614902400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The first objective of this review was to present, based on recent literature, the most frequently applied medical options (oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) and progestogens) for the management of symptomatic endometriosis, and evaluate their effectiveness in treating premenopausal women with endometriosis-associated pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea, non-menstrual pelvic pain and dyspareunia. The second objective was to review the concept of progesterone resistance and newly available treatment options. Methods: We reviewed the most relevant papers (n = 73) on the efficacy of OCPs and progestogens as medical therapy for endometriosis, as well as those on progesterone resistance and new medical alternatives (oral gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist). Eleven papers, essentially reviews, were selected and scrutinized from among 94 papers discussing the concept of progesterone resistance. Results: Having reviewed the most significant papers, we can confirm that OCPs and progestogens are effective in two-thirds of women suffering from endometriosis, but that other options are required in case of failure (in one-third of women due to progesterone resistance) or intolerance to these compounds. It is clear that there is a need for effective long-term oral treatment capable of managing endometriosis symptoms, while mitigating the impact of side effects. Biochemical, histological and clinical evidence show that estrogens play a critical role in the pathogenesis of endometriosis, so lowering levels of circulating estrogens should be considered an effective medical approach. The efficacy of three oral GnRH antagonists is discussed on the basis of published studies. Conclusion: There is a place for GnRH antagonists in the management of symptomatic endometriosis and clinical trials should be conducted, taking into account the different phenotypes in order to propose novel algorithms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10051085","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,5]],"date-time":"2021-03-05T11:46:09Z","timestamp":1614944769000},"page":"1085","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":157,"title":["Endometriosis and Medical Therapy: From Progestogens to Progesterone Resistance to GnRH Antagonists: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Jacques","family":"Donnez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de Recherche pour l\u2019Infertilit\u00e9 (SRI), 143 Avenue Grandchamp, 1150 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie-Madeleine","family":"Dolmans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"P\u00f4le de Recherche en Gyn\u00e9cologie, Institut de Recherche Exp\u00e9rimentale et Clinique, Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Gynecology Department, Cliniques Universitaires Saint Luc, 1200 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/8.1.89","article-title":"The efficacy of medical and surgical treatment of endometriosis-associated infertility: Arguments in favour of a medico-surgical approach","volume":"8","author":"Donnez","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hum. 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