{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T22:32:40Z","timestamp":1791844360941,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,11]],"date-time":"2021-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome (pSS) is a chronic and heterogeneous disorder characterized by a wide spectrum of glandular and extra-glandular features. The hallmark of pSS is considered to be the immune-mediated involvement of the exocrine glands and B-cell hyperactivation. This leads pSS patients to an increased risk of developing lymphoproliferative diseases, and persistent (&gt;2 months) major salivary gland enlargement is a well-known clinical sign of possible involvement by B cell lymphoma. Better stratification of the patients may improve understanding of the mechanism underlying the risk of lymphoproliferative disorder. Here, we summarize the role of different imaging techniques and a bioptic approach in pSS patients, focusing mainly on the role of salivary gland ultrasonography (SGUS) and a US-guided core needle biopsy (Us-guided CNB) as diagnostic and prognostic tools in pSS patients with persistent parotid swelling.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10061171","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,11]],"date-time":"2021-03-11T20:17:40Z","timestamp":1615493860000},"page":"1171","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Ultrasound and Bioptic Investigation of Patients with Primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Valeria","family":"Manfr\u00e8","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Clinic, Department of Medicine, University of Udine, c\/o Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale, 33100 Udine, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivan","family":"Giovannini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Clinic, Department of Medicine, University of Udine, c\/o Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale, 33100 Udine, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Zandonella Callegher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Clinic, Department of Medicine, University of Udine, c\/o Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale, 33100 Udine, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Lorenzon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Radiology, ASUFC Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enrico","family":"Pegolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Anatomic Pathology, ASUFC Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8395-5272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Tel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Medicine, University of Udine, c\/o Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale, 33100 Udine, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saviana","family":"Gandolfo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Clinic, Department of Medicine, University of Udine, c\/o Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale, 33100 Udine, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0134-6439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Quartuccio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Clinic, Department of Medicine, University of Udine, c\/o Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale, 33100 Udine, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salvatore","family":"De Vita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Clinic, Department of Medicine, University of Udine, c\/o Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale, 33100 Udine, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0573-464X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alen","family":"Zabotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Clinic, Department of Medicine, University of Udine, c\/o Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale, 33100 Udine, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s40674-020-00138-x","article-title":"Lymphoma in Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s Syndrome: Predictors and Therapeutic Options","volume":"6","author":"Skarlis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. 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