{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T10:52:20Z","timestamp":1788000740325,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617235200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF 2020R1F1A1070072"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF 2020R1F1A1070072"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Ministry of Science and ICT, the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy, the Ministry of Health &amp; Welfare, Republic of Korea, the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety","award":["KMDF_PR_20200901_0023, 9991006696"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KMDF_PR_20200901_0023, 9991006696"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: to investigate the change in volume and signal in the masticatory muscles and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) of patients with temporomandibular disorder (TMD) after whiplash injury, based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and to correlate them with other clinical parameters. Methods: ninety patients (64 women, 26 men; mean age: 39.36 \u00b1 15.40 years), including 45 patients with symptoms of TMD after whiplash injury (wTMD), and 45 age- and sex-matched controls with TMD due to idiopathic causes (iTMD) were included. TMD was diagnosed using the study diagnostic criteria for TMD Axis I, and MRI findings of the TMJ and masticatory muscles were investigated. To evaluate the severity of TMD pain and muscle tenderness, we used a visual analog scale (VAS), palpation index (PI), and neck PI. Results: TMD indexes, including VAS, PI, and neck PI were significantly higher in the wTMD group. In the wTMD group, muscle tenderness was highest in the masseter muscle (71.1%), and muscle tenderness in the temporalis (60.0%), lateral pterygoid muscle (LPM) (22.2%), and medial pterygoid muscle (15.6%) was significantly more frequent than that in the iTMD group (all p &lt; 0.05). The most noticeable structural changes in the masticatory muscles occurred in the LPM with whiplash injury. Volume (57.8% vs. 17.8%) and signal changes (42.2% vs. 15.6%) of LPM were significantly more frequent in the wTMD group than in the iTMD group. The presence of signal changes in the LPM was positively correlated with the increased VAS scores only in the wTMD group (r = 0.346, p = 0.020). The prevalence of anterior disc displacement without reduction (ADDWoR) (53.3% vs. 28.9%) and disc deformity (57.8% vs. 40.0%) were significantly higher in the wTMD group (p &lt; 0.05). The presence of headache, sleep problems, and psychological distress was significantly higher in the wTMD group than in the iTMD group. Conclusion: abnormal MRI findings and their correlations with clinical characteristics of the wTMD group were different from those of the iTMD group. The underlying pathophysiology may differ depending on the cause of TMD, raising the need for a treatment strategy accordingly.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10071404","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T07:23:17Z","timestamp":1617261797000},"page":"1404","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["MRI-Based Assessment of Masticatory Muscle Changes in TMD Patients after Whiplash Injury"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7323-0411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yeon-Hee","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orofacial Pain and Oral Medicine, Kyung Hee University Dental Hospital, #613 Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyung Mi","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital, #26 Kyunghee-daero, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Q-Schick","family":"Auh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orofacial Pain and Oral Medicine, Kyung Hee University Dental Hospital, #613 Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034516653598","article-title":"Pain and Disability in the Jaw and Neck Region following Whiplash Trauma","volume":"95","author":"Lampa","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1s","article-title":"Scientific monograph of the Quebec Task Force on Whiplash-Associated Disorders: Redefining \u201cwhiplash\u201d and its management","volume":"20","author":"Spitzer","year":"1995","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s12178-007-9008-x","article-title":"Whiplash: Diagnosis, treatment, and associated injuries","volume":"1","author":"Yadla","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Rev. Musculoskelet. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcm.2009.07.006","article-title":"The relationship of whiplash injury and temporomandibular disorders: A narrative literature review","volume":"8","author":"Fernandez","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Chiropr. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.12123","article-title":"Prevalence of whiplash trauma in TMD patients: A systematic review","volume":"41","author":"Rezvani","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Oral Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00725","article-title":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Based Prediction of the Relationship between Whiplash Injury and Temporomandibular Disorders","volume":"8","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.819","article-title":"Pain and pain tolerance in whiplash-associated disorders: A population-based study","volume":"20","author":"Myrtveit","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(94)90123-6","article-title":"Whiplash injury","volume":"58","author":"Barnsley","year":"1994","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(93)90154-H","article-title":"First onset of common pain symptoms: A prospective study of depression as a risk factor","volume":"55","author":"Dworkin","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0b013e3181c507ef","article-title":"Development of temporomandibular disorders is associated with greater bodily pain experience","volume":"26","author":"Lim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"662","article-title":"Changes in understanding of painful temporomandibular disorders: The history of a transformation","volume":"50","author":"Pesce","year":"2019","journal-title":"Quintessence Int."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.12845","article-title":"Sex-related differences in symptoms of temporomandibular disorders and structural changes in the lateral pterygoid muscle after whiplash injury","volume":"46","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Oral Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S309","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e318238842a","article-title":"The role of tissue damage in whiplash-associated disorders: Discussion paper 1","volume":"36","author":"Curatolo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-52892-6.00004-0","article-title":"The neuropathology of traumatic brain injury","volume":"127","author":"McKee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Handb. Clin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1177\/070674371405900902","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder in adults: Impact, comorbidity, risk factors, and treatment","volume":"59","author":"Sareen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Can. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"33","article-title":"Electromyographic evaluation during masticatory function, in patients with temporomandibular disorders following interocclusal appliance treatment","volume":"50","author":"Vedana","year":"2010","journal-title":"Electromyogr. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.12542","article-title":"The medial pterygoid muscle: A stabiliser of horizontal jaw movement","volume":"44","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Oral Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.153.4.847","article-title":"MR imaging of muscles of mastication","volume":"153","author":"Schellhas","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2016.00069","article-title":"Fatty Infiltration of Skeletal Muscle: Mechanisms and Comparisons with Bone Marrow Adiposity","volume":"7","author":"Hamrick","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1067\/moe.2002.124580","article-title":"Temporomandibular joint and masticatory muscle involvement in myotonic dystrophy: A study by magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"94","author":"Zanoteli","year":"2002","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endodontol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-36162011000300003","article-title":"Muscle injury\u2013physiopathology, diagnosis, treatment and clinical presentation","volume":"46","author":"Fernandes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Ortop."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1053\/joms.2001.25015","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of temporomandibular joint disc deformities in relation to type of disc displacement","volume":"59","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdsr.2016.05.001","article-title":"Magnetic resonance and sonographic imagings of masticatory muscle myalgia in temporomandibular disorder patients","volume":"53","author":"Ariji","year":"2017","journal-title":"Jpn. Dent. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2842.2010.02090.x","article-title":"Research Diagnostic criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders: Current status & future relevance","volume":"37","author":"Dworkin","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Oral Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"35","article-title":"The Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders. III: Validity of Axis I diagnoses","volume":"24","author":"Truelove","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Orofac. Pain"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"306","article-title":"Oral behaviors checklist: Reliability of performance in targeted waking-state behaviors","volume":"20","author":"Markiewicz","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Orofac. Pain"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0528.1993.tb00724.x","article-title":"Reproducibility of examiner performance for muscle and joint palpation in the temporomandibular system following training and calibration","volume":"21","author":"Goulet","year":"1993","journal-title":"Community Dent. Oral Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.11607\/jop.1151","article-title":"Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC\/TMD) for Clinical and Research Applications: Recommendations of the International RDC\/TMD Consortium Network* and Orofacial Pain Special Interest Group\u2020","volume":"28","author":"Schiffman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Oral Facial Pain Headache"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/S1808-8694(15)31117-4","article-title":"Analysis of helkimo and craniomandibular indexes for temporomandibular disorder diagnosis on rheumatoid arthritis patients","volume":"73","author":"Nogueira","year":"2007","journal-title":"Braz. J. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E445","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200110010-00020","article-title":"A systematic review of the prognosis of acute whiplash and a new conceptual framework to synthesize the literature","volume":"26","author":"Cote","year":"2001","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.11607\/jop.1027","article-title":"Temporomandibular disorder pain after whiplash trauma: A systematic review","volume":"27","author":"List","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Orofac. Pain"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.2007.0026","article-title":"Reduced or painful jaw movement after collision-related injuries: A population-based study","volume":"138","author":"Carroll","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(99)00106-2","article-title":"Generalised muscular hyperalgesia in chronic whiplash syndrome","volume":"83","author":"Johansen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1080\/03007995.2018.1552042","article-title":"Current understanding of the mixed pain concept: A brief narrative review","volume":"35","author":"Freynhagen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Res. Opin."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pereira-Silva, R., Costa-Pereira, J.T., Alonso, R., Serr\u00e3o, P., Martins, I., and Neto, F.L. (2020). Attenuation of the Diffuse Noxious Inhibitory Controls in Chronic Joint Inflammatory Pain Is Accompanied by Anxiodepressive-Like Behaviors and Impairment of the Descending Noradrenergic Modulation. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21082973"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpain.2008.12.007","article-title":"Sleep continuity and architecture: Associations with pain-inhibitory processes in patients with temporomandibular joint disorder","volume":"13","author":"Edwards","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Generaal, E., Vogelzangs, N., Macfarlane, G.J., Geenen, R., Smit, J.H., Penninx, B.W., and Dekker, J. (2014). Reduced hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity in chronic multi-site musculoskeletal pain: Partly masked by depressive and anxiety disorders. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-15-227"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21994","article-title":"Thalamic sensitization transforms localized pain into widespread allodynia","volume":"68","author":"Burstein","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(03)00078-2","article-title":"Sensory hypersensitivity occurs soon after whiplash injury and is associated with poor recovery","volume":"104","author":"Sterling","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0082(99)00051-9","article-title":"Wind-up of spinal cord neurones and pain sensation: Much ado about something?","volume":"61","author":"Herrero","year":"2000","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1179\/106698111X13129729551949","article-title":"Whiplash-associated disorder: Musculoskeletal pain and related clinical findings","volume":"19","author":"Sterling","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Man. Manip. Ther."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2842.2007.01769.x","article-title":"Review of clinical EMG studies related to muscle and occlusal factors in healthy and TMD subjects","volume":"34","author":"Suvinen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Oral Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"129","article-title":"Temporomandibular joint dysfunction in whiplash injuries: Association with tinnitus and vertigo","volume":"8","author":"Boniver","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. Tinnitus J."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.1880020515","article-title":"MR imaging of temporomandibular joint abnormalities associated with cervical hyperextension\/hyperflexion (whiplash) injuries","volume":"2","author":"Pressman","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cden.2006.09.009","article-title":"Joint intracapsular disorders: Diagnostic and nonsurgical management considerations","volume":"51","author":"Okeson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dent. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-2358.2008.00219.x","article-title":"Correlation between MRI evidence of degenerative condylar surface changes, induction of articular disc displacement and pathological joint sounds in the temporomandibular joint","volume":"25","author":"Honda","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gerodontology"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9969(81)90008-X","article-title":"Special histochemical muscle-fibre characteristics of the human lateral pterygoid muscle","volume":"26","author":"Eriksson","year":"1981","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A0590","article-title":"Pathologic changes of the lateral pterygoid muscle in patients with derangement of the temporomandibular joint disk: Objective measures at MR imaging","volume":"28","author":"Finden","year":"2007","journal-title":"AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2013.01.022","article-title":"The evaluation of lateral pterygoid muscle pathologic changes and insertion patterns in temporomandibular joints with or without disc displacement using magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"42","author":"Imanimoghaddam","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181bb0e55","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging findings of fatty infiltrate in the cervical flexors in chronic whiplash","volume":"35","author":"Elliott","year":"2010","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msksp.2017.02.002","article-title":"Structural changes of the cervical muscles in elder women with cervicogenic headache","volume":"29","author":"Uthaikhup","year":"2017","journal-title":"Musculoskelet. Sci. Pract."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"269734","article-title":"Muscle Fatigue in the Temporal and Masseter Muscles in Patients with Temporomandibular Dysfunction","volume":"2015","author":"Lipski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.15537\/smj.2018.1.20873","article-title":"Changes in the temporomandibular joint disc and temporal and masseter muscles secondary to bruxism in Turkish patients","volume":"39","author":"Garip","year":"2018","journal-title":"Saudi Med. J."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.5624\/isd.2018.48.3.213","article-title":"The relationship between masseter muscle thickness measured by ultrasonography and facial profile in young Korean adults","volume":"48","author":"Park","year":"2018","journal-title":"Imaging Sci. Dent."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.5125\/jkaoms.2020.46.5.313","article-title":"Correlation between mandibular morphology and masticatory muscle thickness in normal occlusion and mandibular prognathism","volume":"46","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Korean Assoc. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(00)00372-5","article-title":"Intermuscular and intramuscular differences in myosin heavy chain composition of the human masticatory muscles","volume":"178","author":"Korfage","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1996.sp021617","article-title":"Force-velocity properties of human skeletal muscle fibres: Myosin heavy chain isoform and temperature dependence","volume":"495","author":"Bottinelli","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2958","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.6.2958","article-title":"Organization of human and mouse skeletal myosin heavy chain gene clusters is highly conserved","volume":"96","author":"Weiss","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1618","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345000790081601","article-title":"Myosin isoform composition of the human medial and lateral pterygoid muscles","volume":"79","author":"Korfage","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20180433","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-7757-2018-0433","article-title":"Temporomandibular joint disc displacement with reduction: A review of mechanisms and clinical presentation","volume":"27","author":"Poluha","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Appl. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34253","DOI":"10.1038\/srep34253","article-title":"Changes in disc status in the reducing and nonreducing anterior disc displacement of temporomandibular joint: A longitudinal retrospective study","volume":"6","author":"Hu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37S","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034514528333","article-title":"TMJ Disc Displacement without Reduction Management: A Systematic Review","volume":"93","author":"Durham","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-2391(91)90418-L","article-title":"Assessing neck extension-flexion as a basis for temporomandibular joint dysfunction","volume":"49","author":"Howard","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/pzy030","article-title":"A Mechanism-Based Approach to Physical Therapist Management of Pain","volume":"98","author":"Chimenti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S148","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-004-0275-7","article-title":"Headache and inflammatory disorders of the central nervous system","volume":"25","author":"Erbetta","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.11-0773","article-title":"Sleep-related problems in neurologic diseases","volume":"141","author":"Dyken","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1007\/s12471-012-0351-1","article-title":"Central nervous system involvement in the autonomic responses to psychological distress","volume":"21","author":"Rutten","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neth. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6411","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-42785-8","article-title":"Psychological Sleep Interventions for Migraine and Tension-Type Headache: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"9","author":"Sullivan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1237113","article-title":"Sleep and headache","volume":"29","author":"Brennan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Semin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000737","article-title":"Temporal change in headache and its contribution to the risk of developing first-onset temporomandibular disorder in the Orofacial Pain: Prospective Evaluation and Risk Assessment (OPPERA) study","volume":"158","author":"Tchivileva","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2004.12.005","article-title":"Physical and psychological factors predict outcome following whiplash injury","volume":"114","author":"Sterling","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2842.2010.02144.x","article-title":"Assessment and Further Development of RDC\/TMD Axis II Biobehavioral Instruments: A Research Program Progress Report","volume":"37","author":"Ohrbach","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Oral Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(97)00047-X","article-title":"Dynamics of the human masticatory muscles during a jaw open-close movement","volume":"30","author":"Koolstra","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2010.04.076","article-title":"Organization of projections from the spinal trigeminal subnucleus oralis to the spinal cord in the rat: A neuroanatomical substrate for reciprocal orofacial-cervical interactions","volume":"1343","author":"Devoize","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.12646","article-title":"Co-contraction behaviour of masticatory and neck muscles during tooth grinding","volume":"45","author":"Giannakopoulos","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Oral Rehabil."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/10\/7\/1404\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T13:33:20Z","timestamp":1760362400000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/10\/7\/1404"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm10071404"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm10071404","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-151508\/v1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-283243\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]]}}}