{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T22:17:45Z","timestamp":1777673865510,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617235200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is an inflammatory and chronic-recurrent disease of the hair follicle. Its aetiopathogenesis is not completely known. Although bacterial colonization and superinfection are clinically relevant, lymph node involvement has rarely been studied. Objectives: In this pilot retrospective study, we evaluated the clinical and microbiological nodal involvement in patients with axillary hidradenitis suppurativa. Materials and methods: We retrospectively analyzed patients suffering from axillary hidradenitis suppurativa and referred to the Dermatology Unit of the Foundation Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico in Milan between October 2018 and November 2019. The sampling procedure took place during the surgical excision of lesions at the Operative Unit of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery of Policlinico San Donato Hospital. Three types of sample were sent to microbiological analysis: exudate swab, axillary lymph node, fistula. Result: In total, we recruited 10 patients. Two of them underwent bilateral axillary surgery. Nine lymph nodes were analyzed. In one patient, bacterial culture in lymph nodes, skin lesions and fistulae matched. Conclusions: Unequivocable conclusions cannot be drawn due to the low number of patients. Further studies are necessary to confirm the preliminary results of our retrospective pilot study.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10071433","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T07:23:17Z","timestamp":1617261797000},"page":"1433","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Lymph Node Involvement in Axillary Hidradenitis Suppurativa: A Clinical, Ultrasonographic and Bacteriological Study Conducted during Radical Surgery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Silvia","family":"Vaienti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Foundation IRCCS, Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Pace 9, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8534-6497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianluca","family":"Nazzaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Foundation IRCCS, Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Pace 9, 20122 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Dermatology Unit, Foundation IRCCS, Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Pace 9, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Grancini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Laboratory, Foundation IRCCS, Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via San Barnaba 8, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Calzari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Foundation IRCCS, Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Pace 9, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giovanna","family":"Zaccaria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Largo del Pozzo 71, 41124 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Veraldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Foundation IRCCS, Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Pace 9, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Vaienti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Piazza Edmondo Malan 1, San Donato Milanese, 20097 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.12966","article-title":"European S1 guideline for the treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa\/acne inversa","volume":"29","author":"Zouboulis","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0625.2008.00712_1.x","article-title":"What causes hidradenitis suppurativa?","volume":"17","author":"Kurzen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1159\/000431175","article-title":"Hidradenitis Suppurativa\/Acne Inversa: Criteria for Diagnosis, Severity Assessment, Classification and Disease Evaluation","volume":"231","author":"Zouboulis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.1111\/dsu.12329","article-title":"Ultrasound in-depth characterization and staging of hid-radenitis suppurativa","volume":"39","author":"Wortsman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dermatol. Surg."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1684\/ejd.2018.3430","article-title":"Comparison of clinical and sonographic scores in a cohort of 140 patients with hidradenitis suppurativa from an Italian referral centre: A retrospective observational study","volume":"28","author":"Nazzaro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"830","article-title":"Color Doppler as a tool for correlating vascularization and pain in hidradenitis suppurativa lesions","volume":"25","author":"Nazzaro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ski. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.12793","article-title":"The bacteriology of hidradenitis suppurativa: A systematic review","volume":"24","author":"Ring","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.23736\/S0392-0488.18.05875-3","article-title":"Hidradenitis suppurativa\/acne inversa: A prospective bacteriological study of 46 patients and review of the literature","volume":"155","author":"Benzecry","year":"2020","journal-title":"G. Ital. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1159\/000213064","article-title":"Lymph Nodes in Hidradenitis Suppurativa","volume":"219","author":"Wortsman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1111\/srt.12896","article-title":"Lymph node involvement in hidradenitis suppurativa: Ultrasound and color Doppler study of 85 patients","volume":"26","author":"Nazzaro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ski. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1097\/SAP.0b013e31828ea7cb","article-title":"Radical surgical resection combined with lymphadenectomy-directed antimicrobial therapy yielding cure of severe axillary hidradenitis","volume":"70","author":"Nesmith","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Plast. Surg."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/10\/7\/1433\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T13:25:49Z","timestamp":1760361949000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/10\/7\/1433"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]]},"references-count":11,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm10071433"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm10071433","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]]}}}