{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T22:22:36Z","timestamp":1794090156975,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,2]],"date-time":"2021-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617321600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>While the association between adult Attention Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder (A-ADHD) and Substance Use Disorders (SUDs) has been widely explored, less attention has been dedicated to the various substance use variants. In a previous paper, we identified two variants: type 1 (use of stimulants\/alcohol) and type 2 (use of cannabinoids). In this study, we compared demographic, clinical and symptomatologic features between Dual Disorder A-ADHD (DD\/A-ADHD) patients according to our substance use typology, and A-ADHD without DD (NDD\/A-ADHD) ones. NDD patients were more frequently diagnosed as belonging to inattentive ADHD subtype compared with type 1 DD\/A-ADHD patients, but not with respect to type 2 DD\/ADHD. NDD\/A-ADHD patients showed less severe symptoms of hyperactivity\/impulsivity than DD\/A-ADHD type 1, but not type 2. Type 1 and type 2 patients shared the feature of displaying higher impulsiveness than NDD\/A-ADHD ones. General psychopathology scores were more severe in type 2 DD\/ADHD patients, whereas type 1 patients showed greater similarity to NDD\/A-ADHD. Legal problems were more strongly represented in type 1 than in type 2 patients or NDD\/A-ADHD ones. Our results suggest that type 1 and type 2 substance use differ in their effects on A-ADHD patients\u2014an outcome that brings with it different likely implications in dealing with the diagnostic and therapeutic processes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10071481","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,2]],"date-time":"2021-04-02T10:34:09Z","timestamp":1617359649000},"page":"1481","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Does Cannabis, Cocaine and Alcohol Use Impact Differently on Adult Attention Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder Clinical Picture?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Vincenza","family":"Spera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatric Clinic, Sociopsychiatric Organization, 6850 Mendrisio, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7281-1337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Pallucchini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PISA-School of Experimental and Clinical Psychiatry, 56100 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1447-4947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Carli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4118-753X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Maiello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PISA-School of Experimental and Clinical Psychiatry, 56100 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelo","family":"Maremmani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PISA-School of Experimental and Clinical Psychiatry, 56100 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"North-Western Tuscany Local Health Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Tuscany NHS, Versilia Zone, 55045 Viareggio, Italy"},{"name":"Association for the Application of Neuroscientific Knowledge to Social Aims (AU-CNS),  Pietrasanta, 55045 Lucca, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5556-1858","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulio","family":"Perugi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Psychiatric Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Santa Chiara University Hospital, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6324-0576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Icro","family":"Maremmani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Association for the Application of Neuroscientific Knowledge to Social Aims (AU-CNS),  Pietrasanta, 55045 Lucca, Italy"},{"name":"Vincent P. Dole Dual Disorder Unit, 2nd Psychiatric Unit, Santa Chiara University Hospital, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"G. De Lisio Institute of Behavioral Sciences, 56121 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"Saint Camillus International University of Health and Medical Sciences\u2014UniCamillus, 00131 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, DSM-5, American Psychiatric Association. 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