{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T15:14:15Z","timestamp":1785338055528,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,7]],"date-time":"2021-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617753600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Subthalamic nucleus (STN) deep brain stimulation (DBS) has become a routine treatment of advanced Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD). DBS surgery is commonly performed under local anesthesia (LA) to obtain reliable microelectrode recordings. However, procedural sedation and\/or analgesia (PSA) is often desirable to improve patient comfort. The impact of PSA in addition to LA on outcome is largely unknown. Therefore, we performed an observational study to assess the effect of PSA compared to LA alone during STN DBS surgery on outcome in PD patients. Methods: Seventy PD patients (22 under LA, 48 under LA + PSA) scheduled for STN DBS implantation were included. Dexmedetomidine, clonidine or remifentanil were used for PSA. The primary outcome was the change in Movement Disorders Society Unified Parkinson\u2019s Disease Rating Score III (MDS-UPDRS III) and levodopa equivalent daily dosage (LEDD) between baseline, one month before surgery, and twelve months postoperatively. Secondary outcome measures were motor function during activities of daily living (MDS-UPDRS II), cognitive alterations and surgical adverse events. Postoperative assessment was conducted in \u201con\u201d stimulation and \u201con\u201d medication conditions. Results: At twelve months follow-up, UPDRS III and UPDRS II scores in \u201con\u201d medication conditions were similar between the LA and PSA groups. The two groups showed a similar LEDD reduction and an equivalent decline in executive function measured by the Stroop Color-Word Test, Trail Making Test-B, and verbal fluency. The incidence of perioperative and postoperative adverse events was similar between groups. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that PSA during STN DBS implantation surgery in PD patients was not associated with differences in motor and non-motor outcome after twelve months compared with LA only.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10081557","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,7]],"date-time":"2021-04-07T11:31:59Z","timestamp":1617795119000},"page":"1557","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Impact of Procedural Sedation on the Clinical Outcome of Microelectrode Recording Guided Deep Brain Stimulation in Patients with Parkinson\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0865-6912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael J.","family":"Bos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4688-8300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dianne","family":"de Korte-de Boer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Maria","family":"Alzate Sanchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annelien","family":"Duits","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Medical Psychology, Maastricht University Medical Center, P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Ackermans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasin","family":"Temel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony R.","family":"Absalom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen University, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8296-9426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wolfgang F.","family":"Buhre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark J.","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0030-7224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcus L. F.","family":"Janssen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Maastricht University Medical Center, P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa035275","article-title":"Five-Year Follow-up of Bilateral Stimulation of the Subthalamic Nucleus in Advanced Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"349","author":"Krack","year":"2003","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2015.08.005","article-title":"Beneficial Effects of Bilateral Subthalamic Stimulation on Non-Motor Symptoms in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"9","author":"Dafsari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain. 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