{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T00:50:16Z","timestamp":1792198216434,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,12]],"date-time":"2021-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618185600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aims to develop and validate a new self-report questionnaire to measure orthorexia nervosa (ON). Based on a current review of the scientific literature and interviews with people at risk of orthorexia, 40 items were selected to test orthorexia nervosa (TON-40). A total sample of 767 individuals (M = 26.49, SD = 9.66, 56.98% women) participated in the study. The exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and composite construct analysis (CCA) were performed to find an appropriate model of sufficient reliability and validity and stable construction. Convergent validation was performed regarding the correlation of the TON-17 with another measure of ON (ORTO-15), eating disorders (the EAT-26 and DEAS), healthy behavior (the HBI), quality of life (the Brief WHOQOL), physical health (the GRSH), anxiety (the GAD-7), depression (the PHQ-9), and obsessive-compulsive disorder (the OCI-R). Gender, Body Mass Index (BMI), and the medical reasons for a restrictive diet were also examined. As a result of the structural analyses, the number of items was reduced from 40 to 17. The best fit indices of the TON-17 were found for the hierarchical bi-factor model, with three lower-order factors (Control of food quality, Fixation of health and healthy diet, and Disorder symptoms) and one general higher-order factor (Orthorexia). According to the 95th percentile method of estimation, the prevalence of ON was 5.5% for the TON-17 total score. The TON-17 scale and subscales showed good psychometric properties, stability, reliability, and construct validity. The TON-17 indicated a positive relationship with the ORTO-15, EAT-26, DEAS, HBI, OCI-R, GAD-7, and PHQ-9. TON-17 can be considered as a useful tool for assessing the risk of ON.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10081637","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,12]],"date-time":"2021-04-12T21:47:33Z","timestamp":1618264053000},"page":"1637","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Development and Validation of the Test of Orthorexia Nervosa (TON-17)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4621-8916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra M.","family":"Rogowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Opole, 45-052 Opole, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9657-2983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Kwa\u015bnicka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Opole, 45-052 Opole, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9019-7091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominika","family":"Ochnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Technology, 40-555 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2020.104797","article-title":"The psychometric properties of Orthorexia Nervosa assessment scales: A systematic review and reliability generalization","volume":"155","author":"Opitz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/s40519-018-0606-y","article-title":"Definition and diagnostic criteria for orthorexia nervosa: A narrative review of the literature","volume":"24","author":"Cena","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eat. 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