{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T06:28:04Z","timestamp":1792304884586,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":147,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,20]],"date-time":"2021-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major cause of mortality in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) patients, and cardiovascular risk (CVR) remains high even in T1DM patients with good metabolic control. The underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood and known risk factors seem to operate differently in T1DM and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. However, evidence of cardiovascular risk assessment and management in T1DM patients often is extrapolated from studies on T2DM patients or the general population. In this review, we examine the existing literature about the prevalence of clinical and subclinical CVD, as well as current knowledge about potential risk factors involved in the development and progression of atherosclerosis in T1DM patients. We also discuss current approaches to the stratification and therapeutic management of CVR in T1DM patients. Chronic hyperglycemia plays an important role, but it is likely that other potential factors are involved in increased atherosclerosis and CVD in T1DM patients. Evidence on the estimation of 10-year and lifetime risk of CVD, as well as the efficiency and age at which current cardiovascular medications should be initiated in young T1DM patients, is very limited and clearly insufficient to establish evidence-based therapeutic approaches to CVD management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10081798","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,20]],"date-time":"2021-04-20T13:58:04Z","timestamp":1618927084000},"page":"1798","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":93,"title":["Cardiovascular Disease in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Epidemiology and Management of Cardiovascular Risk"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Cristina","family":"Colom","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau-Hospital Dos de Maig, 08041 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8907-7754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Rull","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Biochemistry Group, Research Institute of the Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43002 Tarragona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0224-591X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Luis","family":"Sanchez-Quesada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Biochemistry Group, Research Institute of the Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), 08041 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5528-1143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau-Hospital Dos de Maig, 08041 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), 08041 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"k1497","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k1497","article-title":"Prevalence of Diagnosed Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes among US Adults in 2016 and 2017: Population Based Study","volume":"362","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000161","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2015-000161","article-title":"Type 1 Diabetes Prevalence Increasing Globally and Regionally: The Role of Natural Selection and Life Expectancy at Birth","volume":"4","author":"You","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res. 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