{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:50:14Z","timestamp":1787028614711,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,20]],"date-time":"2021-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We compared the effectiveness of inhaled sevoflurane versus physical restraint during probing in children with congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (CNLDO). We performed a retrospective review of children with CNLDO who underwent office probing procedures by a single surgeon under sedation or restraint. Patients\u2019 characteristics at the time of probing, including age, sex, laterality, previous non-surgical treatment, presence of dacryocystitis, outcomes of probing, and complications were compared between the sedation and restraint groups. A multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate the prognostic factors associated with the success of probing. A subgroup analysis by 12 months of age was also conducted. The overall success rate was 88.6% in 202 eyes of 180 consecutive children (mean age, 15.1 \u00b1 7.7 months). The sedation group had a marginally higher success rates than the restraint group (93.8% vs. 85.1%, p = 0.056). The success rate was not significantly different between the two groups in children aged &lt;12 months (90.9% vs. 93.1%, p = 0.739), but it was significantly higher in the sedation group (94.7% vs. 77.8%. p = 0.006) in children aged \u226512 months. Inhalation sedation was the most potent factor associated with success (adjusted odds ratio = 5.56, 95% confidence interval = 1.33\u201323.13, p = 0.018) in children aged \u226512 months. There were no surgical or sedation-related complications intra- and postoperatively. Inhaled sevoflurane sedation resulted in more successful, controlled, painless probing, particularly in children aged \u226512 months. It represents a safe, efficient alternative to general anesthesia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10081800","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]],"date-time":"2021-04-21T00:16:02Z","timestamp":1618964162000},"page":"1800","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Efficacy and Safety of Inhalation Sedation during Office Probing for Congenital Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0692-4752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chunghyun","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Gangneung Asan Hospital, Gangneung 25440, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Su-Min","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3663-9653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gye Jung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3359-2850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eun-Young","family":"Joo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myung Hee","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3043-7222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ho-Seok","family":"Sa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.3928\/0191-3913-19941101-04","article-title":"Congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction: Natural history and the timing of optimal intervention","volume":"31","author":"Paul","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. 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