{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T03:15:32Z","timestamp":1791947732024,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]],"date-time":"2021-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire (SPAQ), by Rosenthal et al. (1984), is by far the most used questionnaire to evaluate seasonal effects on mood and behavior. It includes a general seasonality score (GSS), composed of 6 items, from which cutoffs have been established to screen for seasonal affective disorder (SAD). However, it has never been validated in French and associations with circadian rhythm and symptoms of depression and bipolarity remain unclear. In this study, including 165 subjects (95 controls and 70 patients with depression or bipolar disorder), we confirmed the validity of the French version of the SPAQ, with a two-factor structure (a psychological factor: energy, mood, social activity and sleep length; and a food factor: weight and appetite) and a good fit was observed by all indicators. Mood and social activity dimensions were significantly affected by seasons in the depressed\/bipolar group and a stronger global seasonality score (GSS) was associated with more severe phenotypes of depression and mania. Subjects meeting SAD and subsyndromal-SAD criteria also showed a delayed circadian rhythm compared to controls. Simple tools, such as the SPAQ, can aid the identification of significant seasonal changes and have direct implications on therapeutics including the use of bright light therapy in order to enhance personalized treatments, but also to prevent adverse seasonal effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10091897","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]],"date-time":"2021-04-27T21:18:20Z","timestamp":1619558300000},"page":"1897","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Validity and Usage of the Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire (SPAQ) in a French Population of Patients with Depression, Bipolar Disorders and Controls"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Eve","family":"Reynaud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CNRS UPR 3212, Institute for Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, 67000 Strasbourg, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabrice","family":"Berna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry Department, H\u00f4pitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France"},{"name":"INSERM 1114, Universit\u00e9 de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4091-518X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Haffen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Adult Psychiatry, CHU de Besan\u00e7on, EA 481, 25000 Besan\u00e7on, France"},{"name":"CIC 1431 INSERM, Universit\u00e9 de Franche-Comt\u00e9, 25000 Besan\u00e7on, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luisa","family":"Weiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry Department, H\u00f4pitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France"},{"name":"Laboratoire de Psychologie des Cognitions, Universit\u00e9 de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Maruani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Addictive Medicine, Assistance Publique-H\u00f4pitaux de Paris (AP-HP), University Hospital Bichat, 46 rue Henri Huchard, 75018 Paris, France"},{"name":"NeuroDiderot, INSERM UMR 1141, Universit\u00e9 de Paris, 75019 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michel","family":"Lejoyeux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Addictive Medicine, Assistance Publique-H\u00f4pitaux de Paris (AP-HP), University Hospital Bichat, 46 rue Henri Huchard, 75018 Paris, France"},{"name":"UFR de Medicine, Universit\u00e9 de Paris, 5 Rue Thomas Mann, 75013 Paris, France"},{"name":"GHU Paris-Psychiatry &amp; Neurosciences, 75014 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen M.","family":"Schroder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNRS UPR 3212, Institute for Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, 67000 Strasbourg, France"},{"name":"Sleep Disorders Center &amp; CIRCSom (International Research Center for ChronoSomnology), Strasbourg University Hospital, 67000 Strasbourg, France"},{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Strasbourg University Hospital, 67000 Strasbourg, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrice","family":"Bourgin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNRS UPR 3212, Institute for Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, 67000 Strasbourg, France"},{"name":"Sleep Disorders Center &amp; CIRCSom (International Research Center for ChronoSomnology), Strasbourg University Hospital, 67000 Strasbourg, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9121-209X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierre A.","family":"Geoffroy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNRS UPR 3212, Institute for Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, 67000 Strasbourg, France"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Addictive Medicine, Assistance Publique-H\u00f4pitaux de Paris (AP-HP), University Hospital Bichat, 46 rue Henri Huchard, 75018 Paris, France"},{"name":"NeuroDiderot, INSERM UMR 1141, Universit\u00e9 de Paris, 75019 Paris, France"},{"name":"GHU Paris-Psychiatry &amp; Neurosciences, 75014 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1989.01810090065010","article-title":"Epidemiological Findings of Seasonal Changes in Mood and Behavior. 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