{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T19:40:06Z","timestamp":1777923606452,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cardiac sarcoidosis (CS) is an unusual, but potentially harmful, manifestation of systemic sarcoidosis (SA), a chronic disease characterized by organ involvement from noncaseating and nonnecrotizing granulomas. Lungs and intrathoracic lymph nodes are usually the sites that are most frequently affected, but no organ is spared and CS can affect a variable portion of SA patients, up to 25% from post-mortem studies. The cardiovascular involvement is usually associated with a bad prognosis and is responsible for the major cause of death and complications, particularly in African American patients. Furthermore, the diagnosis is often complicated by the occurrence of non-specific clinical manifestations, which can mimic the effect of more common heart disorders, and imaging and biopsies are the most valid approach to avoid misdiagnosis. This narrative review summarizes the main clinical features of CS and imaging findings, particularly of CMR and 18-Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography (18F-FDG PET) that can give the best cost\/benefit ratio in terms of the diagnostic approach. Imaging can be very useful in replacing the endomyocardial biopsy in selected cases, to avoid unnecessary, and potentially dangerous, invasive maneuvers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10091941","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T21:35:39Z","timestamp":1619904939000},"page":"1941","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Clinical Features and Diagnosis of Cardiac Sarcoidosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Claudio","family":"Tana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"COVID-19 Medicine Unit and Geriatrics Clinic, SS Annunziata Hospital of Chieti, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cesare","family":"Mantini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Institute of Radiology, \u201cSS Annunziata\u201d Hospital, \u201cG. d\u2019Annunzio\u201d University, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Iginio","family":"Donatiello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Unit, University Hospital of Salerno, 84121 Salerno, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luciano","family":"Mucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Unit, Hospital of Fano, Azienda Ospedaliera Ospedali Riuniti Marche, 61032 Fano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Tana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Medicine Unit and Department of Vascular Medicine and Cardiovascular Ultrasound, SS Annunziata Hospital of Chieti, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1401-6623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Ricci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Institute of Radiology, \u201cSS Annunziata\u201d Hospital, \u201cG. d\u2019Annunzio\u201d University, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Cipollone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COVID-19 Medicine Unit and Geriatrics Clinic, SS Annunziata Hospital of Chieti, 66100 Chieti, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Science of Aging, and CAST, G D\u2019Annunzio University of Chieti, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Adele","family":"Giamberardino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COVID-19 Medicine Unit and Geriatrics Clinic, SS Annunziata Hospital of Chieti, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2015.08.008","article-title":"Cardiac Sarcoidosis","volume":"36","author":"Birnie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. 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