{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T08:50:11Z","timestamp":1768812611589,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]],"date-time":"2021-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620259200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Biogen Poland","award":["POL-TYS-13-10598"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POL-TYS-13-10598"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The use of a highly-effective treatment for multiple sclerosis (MS) is associated with a severe risk of developing complications, such as progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) caused by the John Cunningham virus (JCV). The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between anti-JCV Ab seroprevalence, anti-JCV AI, demographic and clinical factors as well as the type of therapy used in the Polish MS population. This is a multicentre, prospective and cross-sectional study involving 1405 MS patients. The seroprevalence of anti-JCV Ab and anti-JCV AI levels as well as AI categories were analysed with the use of a second-generation two-step ELISA test (STRATIFY JCV DxSelect). The overall prevalence of anti-JCV Ab was 65.8%. It was shown that seroprevalence increases with the patient\u2019s age. The seroprevalence was significantly associated with the treatment type, and the highest values (76%) were obtained from immunosuppressant-treated patients. Overall, 63.3% of seropositive patients had an antibody index (AI) level of &gt;1.5. In the seropositive patient group, the mean AI level amounted to 2.09. Similarly to the seroprevalence, AI levels correlated with the patient\u2019s age; AI level for patients above 40 years old and from subsequent age quintiles plateaued, amounting to at least 1.55. Patients treated with immunosuppressants and immunomodulatory drugs obtained the highest (1.67) and lowest (1.35) AI levels, respectively. Of the immunosuppressants used, the highest mean AI levels were observed in mitoxantrone and cladribine groups, amounting to 1.75 and 1.69, respectively. In patients treated with immunomodulatory drugs, the lowest AI levels were observed in the dimethyl fumarate (DMF) group (1.11). The seroprevalence rate in the Polish MS population is one of the highest in Europe. The majority of seropositive patients had an anti-JCV Ab level qualifying them for a high-risk category. The highest mean AI levels are observed in patients receiving immunosuppressants, especially mitoxantrone and cladribine. Patients receiving immunomodulatory drugs have lower AI levels compared to treatment-na\u00efve subjects, especially when treated with DMF. Further studies, especially longitudinal studies, are required to determine the impact of MS drugs on the seroprevalence of anti-JCV Ab and AI levels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10091998","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,7]],"date-time":"2021-05-07T10:06:12Z","timestamp":1620381972000},"page":"1998","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["JC Virus Seroprevalence and JCVAb Index in Polish Multiple Sclerosis Patients Treated with Immunomodulating or Immunosuppressive Therapies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4077-8960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Bonek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroimmunology, Regional Specialist Hospital, 86-300 Grudziadz, Poland"},{"name":"Foundation Supporting Development of Neurology and Clinical Neuroimmunology MoA, 85-654 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0183-2066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wojciech","family":"Guenter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Torun, Poland, and Collegium Medicum, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Ja\u0142owi\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Regional Hospital, 71-455 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Karbicka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Regional Hospital, 71-455 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Litwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Regional Hospital, 10-561 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maciej","family":"Maciejowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KMK Clinical, MS Center, 40-571 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1654-8957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rados\u0142aw","family":"Zajdel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Business Informatics, University of Lodz, 90-214 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karolina","family":"Zajdel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Informatics and Statistics, Medical University of Lodz, 90-645 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Veronique","family":"Petit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Konrad","family":"Rejdak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bartsch, T., Rempe, T., Leypoldt, F., Riedel, C., Jansen, O., Berg, D., and Deuschl, G. 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Int."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/10\/9\/1998\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:57:45Z","timestamp":1760162265000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/10\/9\/1998"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm10091998"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm10091998","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]]}}}