{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T09:57:40Z","timestamp":1792144660071,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,21]],"date-time":"2021-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621555200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MH103436, MH096777 and MH080135"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MH103436, MH096777 and MH080135"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Anorexia nervosa is a severe psychiatric illness associated with food avoidance. Animal models from Berridge et al. over the past decade showed that environmental ambience, pleasant or fear inducing, can trigger either appetitive (desire) or avoidance (dread) behaviors in animals via frontal cortex, nucleus accumbens dopamine D1 and D2 receptors, and hypothalamus. Those mechanisms could be relevant for understanding anorexia nervosa. However, models that translate animal research to explain the psychopathology of anorexia nervosa are sparse. This article reviews animal and human research to find evidence for whether this model can explain food avoidance behaviors in anorexia nervosa. Research on anorexia nervosa suggests fear conditioning to food, activation of the corticostriatal brain circuitry, sensitization of ventral striatal dopamine response, and alterations in hypothalamic function. The results support the applicability of the animal neurocircuitry derived model and provide directions to further study the pathophysiology that underlies anorexia nervosa.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10112228","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,21]],"date-time":"2021-05-21T13:15:15Z","timestamp":1621602915000},"page":"2228","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["From Desire to Dread\u2014A Neurocircuitry Based Model for Food Avoidance in Anorexia Nervosa"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Guido K. W.","family":"Frank","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA"},{"name":"Eating Disorders Center for Treatment and Research, UC San Diego Health, San Diego, CA 92121, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2013). Desk Reference to the Diagnostic Criteria from DSM-5, American Psychiatric Publishing."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"335","article-title":"Exploring the gene-environment nexus in eating disorders","volume":"30","author":"Bulik","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Psychiatry Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.med.050208.200745","article-title":"Anorexia Nervosa: Current Status and Future Directions","volume":"61","author":"Attia","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu. 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