{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T14:26:23Z","timestamp":1791901583808,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":137,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,21]],"date-time":"2021-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621555200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune neurological disorder characterized by defective transmission at the neuromuscular junction. The incidence of the disease is 4.1 to 30 cases per million person-years, and the prevalence rate ranges from 150 to 200 cases per million. MG is considered a classic example of antibody-mediated autoimmune disease. Most patients with MG have autoantibodies against the acetylcholine receptors (AChRs). Less commonly identified autoantibodies include those targeted to muscle-specific kinase (MuSK), low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 4 (Lrp4), and agrin. These autoantibodies disrupt cholinergic transmission between nerve terminals and muscle fibers by causing downregulation, destruction, functional blocking of AChRs, or disrupting the clustering of AChRs in the postsynaptic membrane. The core clinical manifestation of MG is fatigable muscle weakness, which may affect ocular, bulbar, respiratory and limb muscles. Clinical manifestations vary according to the type of autoantibody, and whether a thymoma is present.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10112235","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,21]],"date-time":"2021-05-21T13:15:15Z","timestamp":1621602915000},"page":"2235","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":428,"title":["Myasthenia Gravis: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6347-0873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Dresser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Wlodarski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3986-5709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kourosh","family":"Rezania","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Betty","family":"Soliven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1159\/000279334","article-title":"The Incidence of Myasthenia Gravis: A Systematic Literature Review","volume":"34","author":"McGrogan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1126\/science.180.4088.871","article-title":"Autoimmune Response to Acetylcholine Receptor","volume":"180","author":"Patrick","year":"1973","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1126\/science.182.4109.293","article-title":"Neuromuscular Junction in Myasthenia Gravis: Decreased Acetylcholine Receptors","volume":"182","author":"Fambrough","year":"1973","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20061","article-title":"Detection and Characterization of MuSK Antibodies in Seronegative Myasthenia Gravis","volume":"55","author":"McConville","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. 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