{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T01:50:12Z","timestamp":1789696212754,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,24]],"date-time":"2021-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621814400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Functional and esthetic final reconstruction of the cleft maxilla is still challenging. Current reconstructive and augmentation techniques do not provide sufficient bone and soft tissue support for the predictable rehabilitation with dental implants due to presence of maxillary bone critical size defects and soft tissue deficiency, scaring and poor vascularity. In this article the protocol for the use of 3D virtual surgical planning and microvascular tissue transfers for the reconstruction and rehabilitation of cleft maxilla is presented. Twenty-five patients (8 male\/17 female) aged 14\u201341 years old with cleft-associated critical size defects were treated by 3D-virtual planned microvascular tissue transfers taken either from fibula, iliac crest, radial forearm, or medial femoral condyle. Follow-up lasted 1\u20135 years. No significant bone resorption (p &gt; 0.005) nor volume loss of the graft was observed (p = 0.645). Patients received final permanent prosthetic reconstruction of the anterior maxilla based on 2\u20135 dental implants, depending on the defect severity. This is the first study presenting the use of virtual planning in the final restoration of the cleft maxilla with microvascular tissue transfers and dental implants. Presented protocol provide highly functional and aesthetic results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10112267","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,24]],"date-time":"2021-05-24T12:38:01Z","timestamp":1621859881000},"page":"2267","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Protocol and Evaluation of 3D-Planned Microsurgical and Dental Implant Reconstruction of Maxillary Cleft Critical Size Defects in Adolescents and Young Adults"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7605-2080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Dowgierd","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Head and Neck Surgery Clinic for Children and Young Adults, Department of Clinical Pediatrics, University of Warmia and Mazury, ul. Oczapowskiego 2, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafa\u0142","family":"Pokrowiecki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Head and Neck Surgery Department\u2014Maxillofacial Surgery Department, Craniofacial Center, Regional Specialized Children\u2019s Hospital, ul. Zolnierska 18A, 10-561 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maciej","family":"Borowiec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Head and Neck Surgery Department\u2014Maxillofacial Surgery Department, Craniofacial Center, Regional Specialized Children\u2019s Hospital, ul. Zolnierska 18A, 10-561 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zuzanna","family":"Sokolowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Head and Neck Surgery Department\u2014Maxillofacial Surgery Department, Craniofacial Center, Regional Specialized Children\u2019s Hospital, ul. Zolnierska 18A, 10-561 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martyna","family":"Dowgierd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Craniofacial Malformations for Children and Young Adults, Regional Specialized Children\u2019s Hospital, ul. Zolnierska 18A, 10-561 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Wos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laryngology, Stefan Zeromski Hospital, Os. Na Skarpie 66, 31-913 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9200-2828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin","family":"Kozakiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Medical University in Lodz, Pl. Hallera 1, 90-647 \u0141odz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6096-5651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0141ukasz","family":"Krakowczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Branch in Gliwice, Oncological and Reconstructive Surgery Clinic, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute\u2014Oncology Centre (MSCI), ul. Wybrzeze Armii Krajowej 15, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S102","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-0358.57197","article-title":"Cleft palate repair and variations","volume":"42","author":"Agrawal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Indian J. Plast. 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