{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T10:00:19Z","timestamp":1790503219808,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,26]],"date-time":"2021-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621987200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Thyroid carcinomas, despite the usually indolent behaviour and relatively good overall prognosis, show a high tendency to gain invasive phenotype and metastasise in some cases. However, due to a relatively slow progression, the exact mechanisms governing the metastatic process of thyroid carcinomas, including the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), are poorly described. One of the best-known regulators of cancer invasiveness is Snail-1\u2014a zinc-finger transcription factor that plays a key role as an EMT inducer. More and more attention is being paid to the role of Snail with regard to thyroid cancer development. Apart from the obvious implications in the EMT process, Snail-1 plays an important role in the regulation of chemoresistance of the thyroid cells and cancer stem cell (CSC) formation, and it also interacts with miRNA specific to the thyroid gland. The aim of this review was to summarise the knowledge on Snail-1, especially in the context of thyroid oncogenesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10112324","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,26]],"date-time":"2021-05-26T10:30:32Z","timestamp":1622025032000},"page":"2324","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The Role of Snail-1 in Thyroid Cancer\u2014What We Know So Far"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Wieczorek-Szukala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, 93-338 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8748-3337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrzej","family":"Lewinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, 93-338 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-019-0263-x","article-title":"Geographic influences in the global rise of thyroid cancer","volume":"16","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2913","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-14-0155","article-title":"Projecting cancer incidence and deaths to 2030: The unexpected burden of thyroid, liver, and pancreas cancers in the United States","volume":"74","author":"Rahib","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Noone, A.M., Howlader, N., Krapcho, M., Miller, D., Brest, A., Yu, M., Ruhl, J., Tatalovich, Z., Mariotto, A., and Lewis, D.R. (2020, July 20). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975\u20132015, Available online: https:\/\/seer.cancer.gov\/csr\/1975_2015\/."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2010.01.007","article-title":"Molecular prognostic markers in papillary and follicular thyroid cancer: Current status and future directions","volume":"322","author":"Czarniecka","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2014.1","article-title":"Current Thyroid Cancer Trends in the United States","volume":"140","author":"Davies","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szpak-Ulczok, S., Pfeifer, A., Rusinek, D., Oczko-Wojciechowska, M., Kowalska, M., Tyszkiewicz, T., Cieslicka, M., Handkiewicz-Junak, D., Fujarewicz, K., and Lange, D. (2020). Differences in Gene Expression Profile of Primary Tumors in Metastatic and Non-Metastatic Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma\u2014Do They Exist?. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21134629"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1159\/000456576","article-title":"Molecular Markers Involved in Tumorigenesis of Thyroid Carcinoma: Focus on Aggressive Histotypes","volume":"150","author":"Penna","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cytogenet. Genome Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-019-02030-8","article-title":"Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in thyroid cancer: A comprehensive review","volume":"66","author":"Shakib","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.5114\/wo.2014.42173","article-title":"The role of Snail1 transcription factor in colorectal cancer progression and metastasis","volume":"4","author":"Brzozowa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Wsp\u00f3\u0142czesna Onkologia"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.4","article-title":"Overexpression of Snail induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition and a cancer stem cell-like phenotype in human colorectal cancer cells","volume":"1","author":"Fan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-016-2274-5","article-title":"Snail-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition of MCF-7 breast cancer cells: Systems analysis of molecular changes and their effect on radiation and drug sensitivity","volume":"16","author":"Mezencev","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2015.4585","article-title":"SNAIL transcription factor increases the motility and invasive capacity of prostate cancer cells","volume":"13","author":"Osorio","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc.2017.5","article-title":"Tissue-specific tumorigenesis: Context matters","volume":"17","author":"Schneider","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm757","article-title":"The snail superfamily of zinc-finger transcription factors","volume":"3","author":"Nieto","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-014-0062-0","article-title":"Central role of Snail1 in the regulation of EMT and resistance in cancer: A target for therapeutic intervention","volume":"33","author":"Kaufhold","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4231","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.071100","article-title":"IKK\u03b1 controls canonical TGF\u03b2\u2013SMAD signaling to regulate genes expressing SNAIL and SLUG during EMT in Panc1 cells","volume":"123","author":"Brandl","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baulida, J., D\u00edaz, V.M., and De Herreros, A.G. (2019). Snail1: A Transcriptional Factor Controlled at Multiple Levels. J. Clin. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8060757"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI57349","article-title":"G9a interacts with Snail and is critical for Snail-mediated E-cadherin repression in human breast cancer","volume":"122","author":"Dong","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.24.1.306-319.2004","article-title":"Snail Mediates E-Cadherin Repression by the Recruitment of the Sin3A\/Histone Deacetylase 1 (HDAC1)\/HDAC2 Complex","volume":"24","author":"Peinado","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1959","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.00389","article-title":"Regulation of tight junctions during the epithelium-mesenchyme transition:direct repression of the gene expression of claudins\/occludin by Snail","volume":"116","author":"Ikenouchi","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20050591","article-title":"The transcription factors Slug and Snail act as repressors of Claudin-1 expression in epithelial cells1","volume":"394","author":"Soriano","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39209","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M206400200","article-title":"Snail Induction of Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition in Tumor Cells Is Accompanied by MUC1 Repression andZEB1 Expression","volume":"277","author":"Guaita","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2243","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1210860","article-title":"Snail is a repressor of RKIP transcription in metastatic prostate cancer cells","volume":"27","author":"Beach","year":"2007","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.02061-07","article-title":"Repression of PTEN Phosphatase by Snail1 Transcriptional Factor during Gamma Radiation-Induced Apoptosis","volume":"28","author":"Herranz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3490","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2010.102","article-title":"ZEB1 represses E-cadherin and induces an EMT by recruiting the SWI\/SNF chromatin-remodeling protein BRG1","volume":"29","author":"Lazaro","year":"2010","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb3425","article-title":"Snail1-dependent p53 repression regulates expansion and activity of tumour-initiating cells in breast cancer","volume":"18","author":"Ni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"1","article-title":"Regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition through epigenetic and post-translational modifications","volume":"15","author":"Maziveyi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.4161\/cam.3.3.8259","article-title":"The role of the transcriptional regulator snail in cell detachment, reattachment and migration","volume":"3","author":"Haraguchi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Adhes. Migr."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1871","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e05-08-0767","article-title":"Cooperation between Snail and LEF-1 Transcription Factors Is Essential for TGF-\u03b21-induced Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition","volume":"17","author":"Medici","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, W.-S., You, R.-I., Cheng, C.-C., Lee, M.-C., Lin, T.-Y., and Hu, C.-T. (2017). Snail collaborates with EGR-1 and SP-1 to directly activate transcription of MMP 9 and ZEB1. Sci. Rep., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-18101-7"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6601685","article-title":"Snail and SIP1 increase cancer invasion by upregulating MMP family in hepatocellular carcinoma cells","volume":"90","author":"Miyoshi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2017.07.035","article-title":"Filamin A upregulation correlates with Snail-induced epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cell adhesion but its inhibition increases the migration of colon adenocarcinoma HT29 cells","volume":"359","author":"Wieczorek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2016.05.008","article-title":"\u03b2-III tubulin modulates the behavior of Snail overexpressed during the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in colon cancer cells","volume":"1863","author":"Sobierajska","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA) Bioenerg."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2009.04.001","article-title":"Evolutionary history of the Snail\/Scratch superfamily","volume":"25","author":"Nieto","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Genet."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2017.08.009","article-title":"EMT: Mechanisms and therapeutic implications","volume":"182","author":"Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7335","DOI":"10.1007\/s13277-014-2163-y","article-title":"Epithelial to mesenchymal transition inducing transcription factors and metastatic cancer","volume":"35","author":"Tania","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tumor Biol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pearson, G.W. (2019). Control of Invasion by Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition Programs during Metastasis. J. Clin. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8050646"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1007\/s10735-013-9557-9","article-title":"Expression of TGF-\u03b21, SNAI1 and MMP-9 is associated with lymph node metastasis in papillary thyroid carcinoma","volume":"45","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mol. Histol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12957-020-01958-w","article-title":"Role of MMP-9 in epithelial-mesenchymal transition of thyroid cancer","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.00499","article-title":"EMT Factors and Metabolic Pathways in Cancer","volume":"10","author":"Chartoumpekis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1530\/JME-14-0051","article-title":"ABCG2\/BCRP gene expression is related to epithelial\u2013mesenchymal transition inducer genes in a papillary thyroid carcinoma cell line (TPC-1)","volume":"52","author":"Mato","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wieczorek-Szukala, K., Kopczynski, J., Kowalska, A., and Lewinski, A. (2020). Snail-1 Overexpression Correlates with Metastatic Phenotype in BRAFV600E Positive Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9092701"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1097\/PAI.0000000000000516","article-title":"BRAF V600E Mutation Across Multiple Tumor Types: Correlation Between DNA-based Sequencing and Mutation-specific Immunohistochemistry","volume":"26","author":"Loo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Immunohistochem. Mol. Morphol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1097\/PAT.0b013e328360b61d","article-title":"Clinicopathological relevance of BRAF mutations in human cancer","volume":"45","author":"Pakneshan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pathology"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"White, R., Otaibi, Z., Rao, R., and Finley, G. (2018). BRAF V600E Mutation in Multiple Primary Malignancies: A Hairy Affair. Cureus, 10.","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.3600"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0b013e31826a9c71","article-title":"BRAF Mutation in Papillary Thyroid Cancer and Its Value in Tailoring Initial Treatment: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"91","author":"Tufano","year":"2012","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jensen, K., Thakur, S., Patel, A., Mendonca-Torres, M.C., Costello, J., Gomes-Lima, C.J., Walter, M., Wartofsky, L., Burman, K.D., and Bikas, A. (2020). Detection of BRAFV600E in Liquid Biopsy from Patients with Papillary Thyroid Cancer Is Associated with Tumor Aggressiveness and Response to Therapy. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9082481"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2013.02.033","article-title":"V600EBRAF promotes invasiveness of thyroid cancer cells by decreasing E-cadherin expression through a Snail-dependent mechanism","volume":"335","author":"Baquero","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20082044","article-title":"Down-regulation of CYLD expression by Snail promotes tumor progression in malignant melanoma","volume":"206","author":"Massoumi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1093\/jmcb\/mjs048","article-title":"Activation of the ATM-Snail pathway promotes breast cancer metastasis","volume":"4","author":"Sun","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1002\/mc.22415","article-title":"TGF\u03b2 induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition of thyroid cancer cells by both the BRAF\/MEK\/ERK and Src\/FAK pathways","volume":"55","author":"Baquero","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Carcinog."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.12386","article-title":"TheBRAFV600Emutation in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: Does the mutation have an impact on clinical outcome?","volume":"80","author":"Walczyk","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-19-0246","article-title":"Relationship between BRAFV600E and clinical features in papillary thyroid carcinoma","volume":"8","author":"Yan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocr. Connect."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R143","DOI":"10.1530\/ERC-15-0533","article-title":"TERT promoter mutations in thyroid cancer","volume":"23","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocrine-Relat. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-020-02434-x","article-title":"Using The Cancer Genome Atlas data to refine the 8th edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer staging for papillary thyroid carcinoma","volume":"72","author":"Poma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkx958","article-title":"Snail1 transcription factor controls telomere transcription and integrity","volume":"46","author":"Mazzolini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1007\/s11864-016-0404-6","article-title":"Current Standards in Treatment of Radioiodine Refractory Thyroid Cancer","volume":"17","author":"Narayanan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Treat. Options Oncol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pottier, C., Fresnais, M., Gilon, M., J\u00e9rusalem, G., Longuesp\u00e9e, R., and Sounni, N.E. (2020). Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Cancer: Breakthrough and Challenges of Targeted Therapy. Cancers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12030731"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.2174\/15680096113136660102","article-title":"The Role of Snail in EMT and Tumorigenesis","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Cancer Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1097\/PAP.0000000000000113","article-title":"BRAF and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition: Lessons from Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma and Primary Cutaneous Melanoma","volume":"23","author":"Mitchell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Anat. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1007\/s13277-015-3820-5","article-title":"Co-expression and clinical utility of Snail and N-cadherin in papillary thyroid carcinoma","volume":"37","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tumor Biol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2007.061211","article-title":"Snail Family Transcription Factors Are Implicated in Thyroid Carcinogenesis","volume":"171","author":"Hardy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1111\/his.13778","article-title":"Expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition regulators TWIST, SLUG and SNAIL in follicular thyroid tumours may relate to widely invasive, poorly differentiated and distant metastasis","volume":"74","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-22940-3","article-title":"Dual role of E-cadherin in the regulation of invasive collective migration of mammary carcinoma cells","volume":"8","author":"Elisha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000004764","article-title":"Cancer stem cells","volume":"95","author":"Rich","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-018-0426-4","article-title":"Cancer stem cells as key drivers of tumour progression: Understanding tumor hierarchy and heterogeneity","volume":"25","author":"Ayob","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2016.00020","article-title":"Cancer Stem Cells in the Thyroid","volume":"7","author":"Nagayama","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E2178","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-1844","article-title":"The Sonic Hedgehog Signaling Pathway Maintains the Cancer Stem Cell Self-Renewal of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer by Inducing Snail Expression","volume":"99","author":"Heiden","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.3892\/or.2015.4348","article-title":"Snail-induced EMT promotes cancer stem cell-like properties in head and neck cancer cells","volume":"35","author":"Ota","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2014.00114","article-title":"Stemness is Derived from Thyroid Cancer Cells","volume":"5","author":"Ma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2012.0319","article-title":"SNAIL Induces Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition and Cancer Stem Cell\u2013Like Properties in Aldehyde Dehydroghenase\u2013Negative Thyroid Cancer Cells","volume":"23","author":"Yasui","year":"2013","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2803","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0610733104","article-title":"Gene expression and functional evidence of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in papillary thyroid carcinoma invasion","volume":"104","author":"Vasko","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"286","article-title":"Inflammation in thyroid oncogenesis","volume":"2","author":"Liotti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"3992","article-title":"Effect of IL-6 on proliferation of human thyroid anaplastic cancer stem cells","volume":"12","author":"Zheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choudhury, P.S., and Gupta, M. (2018). Differentiated thyroid cancer theranostics: Radioiodine and beyond. Br. J. Radiol., 91.","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20180136"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.5603\/EP.2016.0011","article-title":"Diagnostyka i leczenie raka tarczycy","volume":"67","author":"Dedecjus","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endokrynol. Polska"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-018-0903-0","article-title":"Therapeutic advances in anaplastic thyroid cancer: A current perspective","volume":"17","author":"Saini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-018-0005-8","article-title":"Revisiting the role of ABC transporters in multidrug-resistant cancer","volume":"18","author":"Robey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4251","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2006-0490","article-title":"Side Population Cells in the Mouse Thyroid Exhibit Stem\/Progenitor Cell-Like Characteristics","volume":"148","author":"Hoshi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2015","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2019-00241","article-title":"The Role of ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters in the Chemoresistance of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer: A Systematic Review","volume":"160","author":"Abbasifarid","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2012.0372","article-title":"Multiple Pluripotent Stem Cell Markers in Human Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer: The Putative Upstream Role of SOX2","volume":"23","author":"Carina","year":"2013","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1136\/jclinpath-2013-201711","article-title":"Expression of cancer stem cell markers is more frequent in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma compared to papillary thyroid carcinoma and is related to adverse clinical outcome","volume":"67","author":"Yun","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, A.-F., Chen, M.-C., Chen, C.-J., Ming-Shyang, H., Huang, M.-S., and Liu, Y.-P. (2017). Reverse epithelial-mesenchymal transition contributes to the regain of drug sensitivity in tyrosine kinase inhibitor-resistant non-small cell lung cancer cells. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0180383"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peng, Y., and Croce, C.M. (2016). The role of MicroRNAs in human cancer. Signal. Transduct. Target. Ther., 1.","DOI":"10.1038\/sigtrans.2015.4"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncrna.2020.06.001","article-title":"The role of microRNAs in the pathogenesis of thyroid cancer","volume":"5","author":"Taheri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Non-Coding RNA Res."},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"3","article-title":"Identification of Thyroid-Associated Serum microRNA Profiles and Their Potential Use in Thyroid Cancer Follow-Up","volume":"1","author":"Rosignolo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Endocr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2735","DOI":"10.3892\/or.2017.5994","article-title":"miR-146a and miR-146b in the diagnosis and prognosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma","volume":"38","author":"Qiu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2323","DOI":"10.2147\/OTT.S190364","article-title":"MicroRNA-221 promotes papillary thyroid carcinoma cells migration and invasion via targeting RECK and regulating epithelial\u2013mesenchymal transition","volume":"12","author":"Wei","year":"2019","journal-title":"OncoTargets Ther."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2018.02.051","article-title":"miR-199a-5p inhibits the progression of papillary thyroid carcinoma by targeting SNAI1","volume":"497","author":"Ma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo.2017.3960","article-title":"MicroRNA-based molecular classification of papillary thyroid carcinoma","volume":"50","author":"Rosignolo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2271","DOI":"10.2147\/OTT.S85753","article-title":"Expression profiles of pivotal microRNAs and targets in thyroid papillary carcinoma: An analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas","volume":"8","author":"Sun","year":"2015","journal-title":"OncoTargets Ther."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-019-1444-1","article-title":"miR-215 suppresses papillary thyroid cancer proliferation, migration, and invasion through the AKT\/GSK-3\u03b2\/Snail signaling by targeting ARFGEF1","volume":"10","author":"Han","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2011.401","article-title":"miRNA profiling in metastatic renal cell carcinoma reveals a tumour-suppressor effect for miR-215","volume":"105","author":"White","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2009.12.182","article-title":"MiR-150 promotes gastric cancer proliferation by negatively regulating the pro-apoptotic gene EGR2","volume":"392","author":"Wu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8763","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.27108","article-title":"Retracted: MicroRNA-150-5p affects cell proliferation, apoptosis, and EMT by regulation of the BRAF V600E mutation in papillary thyroid cancer cells","volume":"119","author":"Yan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.23736\/S0391-1977.20.03240-X","article-title":"Management and follow-up of differentiated thyroid cancer not submitted to radioiodine treatment: A systematic review","volume":"45","author":"Gambale","year":"2021","journal-title":"Minerva Endocrinol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/10\/11\/2324\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:08:13Z","timestamp":1760162893000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/10\/11\/2324"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,26]]},"references-count":96,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm10112324"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm10112324","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,26]]}}}