{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T02:52:56Z","timestamp":1779936776093,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,27]],"date-time":"2021-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Exzellenzfeld Orthop\u00e4die der Vinzenzgruppe","award":["None"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["None"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Injury to the triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) may cause chronic wrist pain and instability if left untreated. The current literature of adult cases suggests that arthroscopic treatment offers favorable outcomes and is associated with a low complication rate. This systematic review evaluated the outcomes of arthroscopic TFCC surgery in adolescents. Materials and Methods: A PRISMA-guided literature search of PubMed, Medline, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Cochrane Clinical Answers was conducted in May 2020. All studies reporting on (1) arthroscopic TFCC repair or debridement in (2) patients under the age of 19 years with (3) a minimum case number of four patients were extracted by two independent observers. The level of evidence of each study was assessed according to the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine, and study quality was graded according to the Modified Coleman Methodology Score and the MINORS criteria. Clinical outcome scores, functional parameters, and any complications were reviewed. Results: The selected search terms initially resulted in a total of 986 possible articles. The authors eventually identified eight papers (all LoE IV) for inclusion in this systematic review. A total of 254 patients with verified TFCC tears and a mean age of 16 years (range, 7\u201319) received arthroscopic repair (162 patients, 67.1% of total) or debridement (77 patients, 29.7% of total). Arthroscopic treatment resulted in low pain levels, high patient satisfaction, and a fast return to sport. Complications overall were sparse and consisted mainly of persistent wrist pain (n = 31) and temporary paresthesia (n = 6) of the dorsal sensory branch of the ulnar nerve. Recurrent tears were sparse, with only four reported cases due to sports participation. Conclusion: Wrist arthroscopy is a reliable surgical option for treating TFCC tears in adolescents. The results obtained are comparable to those published in the literature. However, the variety of repair techniques and the low level of evidence across all included articles demand further prospective studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10112363","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,27]],"date-time":"2021-05-27T11:07:02Z","timestamp":1622113622000},"page":"2363","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Arthroscopic Treatment Results of Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex Tears in Adolescents: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Florian","family":"Schachinger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Orthopaedics and Foot and Ankle Surgery, Orthopaedic Hospital Speising, Speisingertrasse 109, A-1130 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3250-2593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian","family":"Farr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Orthopaedics and Foot and Ankle Surgery, Orthopaedic Hospital Speising, Speisingertrasse 109, A-1130 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1080\/02844319950159172","article-title":"Results of repair of peripheral tears in the triangular fibrocartilage complex using an arthroscopic suture technique","volume":"33","author":"Haugstvedt","year":"1999","journal-title":"Scand. J. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. Hand Surg."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-8063(86)80078-0","article-title":"Radiocarpal arthroscopy and arthrography in the diagnosis of ulnar wrist pain","volume":"2","author":"Roth","year":"1986","journal-title":"Arthroscopy"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/0749-8063(90)90013-4","article-title":"Triangular fibrocartilage disorders: Injury patterns and treatment","volume":"6","author":"Palmer","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arthroscopy"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/0749-8063(90)90012-3","article-title":"Arthroscopic debridement of triangular fibrocartilage complex tears","volume":"6","author":"Osterman","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arthroscopy"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(10)80123-6","article-title":"Management of chronic peripheral tears of the triangular fibrocartilage complex","volume":"16","author":"Hermansdorfer","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-5898(20)32032-0","article-title":"Arthroscopic treatment of triangular fibrocartilage tears","volume":"26","author":"Gan","year":"1995","journal-title":"Orthop. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1053\/jars.2003.50154","article-title":"Results of acute arthroscopically repaired triangular fibrocartilage complex injuries associated with intra-articular distal radius fractures","volume":"19","author":"Ruch","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arthroscopy"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1007\/s00776-004-0796-1","article-title":"Arthroscopic surgery for traumatic triangular fibrocartilage complex injury","volume":"9","author":"Miwa","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2007.02.010","article-title":"A novel technique of all-inside arthroscopic triangular fibrocartilage complex repair","volume":"23","author":"Yao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arthroscopy"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2011.05.002","article-title":"Repair of foveal detachment of the triangular fibrocartilage complex: Open and arthroscopic transosseous techniques","volume":"27","author":"Nakamura","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hand Clin."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1312045","article-title":"Wide-Awake Wrist Arthroscopy and Open TFCC Repair","volume":"1","author":"Hagert","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Wrist Surg."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1177\/1753193413501977","article-title":"Comparison between open and arthroscopic-assisted foveal triangular fibrocartilage complex repair for post-traumatic distal radio-ulnar joint instability","volume":"39","author":"Luchetti","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Eur."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1544226","article-title":"Arthroscopic Foveal Repair of the Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex","volume":"4","author":"Atzei","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Wrist Surg."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2016.02.009","article-title":"The Outcomes of Arthroscopic Repair Versus Debridement for Chronic Unstable Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex Tears in Patients Undergoing Ulnar-Shortening Osteotomy","volume":"41","author":"Seo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1142\/S2424835518500509","article-title":"TFCC Lesions in Children and Adolescents: Open Treatment","volume":"23","author":"Pfanner","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Asian Pac. Vol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-011-1428-y","article-title":"Wrist arthroscopy in children and adolescents: A single surgeon experience of thirty-four cases","volume":"36","author":"Farr","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1016\/0363-5023(89)90174-3","article-title":"Triangular fibrocartilage complex lesions: A classification","volume":"14","author":"Palmer","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1177\/1753193409100120","article-title":"New trends in arthroscopic management of type 1-B TFCC injuries with DRUJ instability","volume":"34","author":"Atzei","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Eur. Vol."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"2","article-title":"Studies of surgical outcome after patellar tendinopathy: Clinical significance of methodological deficiencies and guidelines for future studies. Victorian Institute of Sport Tendon Study Group. Scand","volume":"10","author":"Coleman","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Med. Sci. Sports"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1445-2197.2003.02748.x","article-title":"Methodological index for non-randomized studies (minors): Development and validation of a new instrument","volume":"73","author":"Slim","year":"2003","journal-title":"ANZ J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"OCEBM Levels of Evidence Working Group (2021, May 26). The Oxford Levels of Evidence 2. Available online: https:\/\/www.cebm.net\/index.aspx?o=5653."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39489.470347.AD","article-title":"GRADE: An emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations","volume":"336","author":"Guyatt","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e618","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0000000000001243","article-title":"Outcomes of Operative Treatment of Triangular Fibrocartilage Tears in Pediatric and Adolescent Athletes","volume":"38","author":"Fishman","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1177\/1753193418825070","article-title":"Arthroscopic treatment of triangular fibrocartilage complex injuries in paediatric and adolescent patients","volume":"44","author":"Trehan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Eur. Vol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2019.06.019","article-title":"Early Results of Surgical Treatment of Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex Tears in Children and Adolescents","volume":"45","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546508325921","article-title":"Arthroscopic treatment of triangular fibrocartilage wrist injuries in the athlete","volume":"37","author":"McAdams","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-015-2795-6","article-title":"Clinical experience with arthroscopically-assisted repair of peripheral triangular fibrocartilage complex tears in adolescents--technique and results","volume":"39","author":"Farr","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1604394","article-title":"Outcomes after Arthroscopic Debridement of the Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex in Adolescents","volume":"7","author":"Farr","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Wrist Surg."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(98)80048-8","article-title":"Triangular fibrocartilage injuries in pediatric and adolescent patients","volume":"23","author":"Terry","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2012.11.008","article-title":"Arthroscopically assisted repair of triangular fibrocartilage complex foveal tears","volume":"38","author":"Shinohara","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2008.01.020","article-title":"Clinical comparison of arthroscopic versus open repair of triangular fibrocartilage complex tears","volume":"33","author":"Anderson","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1641720","article-title":"Midterm Results after Open versus Arthroscopic Transosseous Repair for Foveal Tears of the Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex","volume":"7","author":"Abe","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Wrist Surg."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.4103\/ortho.IJOrtho_92_19","article-title":"Comparison of Magnetic Resonance Arthrography and Wrist Arthroscopy in the Evaluation of Chronic Wrist Pain in Indian Population","volume":"6","author":"Mehta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1007\/s00590-018-2215-x","article-title":"MR arthrography is slightly more accurate than conventional MRI in detecting TFCC lesions of the wrist","volume":"8","author":"Boer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Orthop. Surg. Traumatol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2015.04.090","article-title":"Efficacy of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Clinical Tests in Diagnostics of Wrist Ligament Injuries: A Systematic Review","volume":"10","author":"Andersson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arthroscopy"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(81)80170-0","article-title":"The triangular fibrocartilage complex of the wrist--anatomy and function","volume":"6","author":"Palmer","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-200102000-00006","article-title":"The anatomy of the ligaments of the wrist and distal radioulnar joints","volume":"383","author":"Berger","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2771","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-012-2399-z","article-title":"Peripheral triangular fibrocartilage complex tears cause ulnocarpal instability: A biomechanical pilot study","volume":"470","author":"Dy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kwon, B.C., Lee, J.H., and Lee, S.Y. (2020). What Is the Effect of the Ulnar-Plus Variance on the Outcomes of Arthroscopic Repair of the Peripheral Ulnar-side Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex Tear?. Arthroscopy.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2020.05.012"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2019.03.060","article-title":"Clinical Outcomes and Factors Influencing These Outcome Measures Resulting in Success After Arthroscopic Transosseous Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex Foveal Repair","volume":"35","author":"Jung","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arthroscopy"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/0363-5023(93)90098-N","article-title":"Effects of radial deformity on distal radioulnar joint mechanics","volume":"18","author":"Adams","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2994","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2018.05.044","article-title":"Prognostic Factors of Arthroscopic Debridement for Central Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex Tears in Adults Younger Than 45 Years: A Retrospective Case Series Analysis","volume":"34","author":"Roh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arthroscopy"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldz013","article-title":"Return to sport following surgical management of triangular fibrocartilage tears: A systematic review","volume":"130","author":"Robertson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. Med. Bull."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697e","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000003750","article-title":"A Systematic Review of Outcomes after Arthroscopic D\u00e9bridement for Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex Tear","volume":"140","author":"Saito","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-3400454","article-title":"Patient-Reported Outcomes following Arthroscopic Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex Repair","volume":"9","author":"Selles","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Wrist Surg."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"731","article-title":"Results after arthroscopic treatment of central traumatic lesions of the triangular fibrocartilage complex","volume":"5","author":"Mehling","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Orthop. Trauma Surg."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"S178","article-title":"Traitement arthroscopique des l\u00e9sions traumatiques r\u00e9centes et chroniques du complexe triangulaire du poignet [Arthro scopic management of recent or chronic lesions of Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex of the wrist]","volume":"25","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chir. Main"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218810412970076","article-title":"Arthroscopic direct repair for radial tear of the triangular fibrocartilage complex","volume":"3","author":"Cho","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hand Surg."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/10\/11\/2363\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:09:14Z","timestamp":1760162954000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/10\/11\/2363"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,27]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm10112363"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm10112363","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,27]]}}}