{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:50:17Z","timestamp":1787028617412,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,2]],"date-time":"2021-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622592000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The acute treatment of migraine requires effective drugs that are well tolerated and provide rapid and consistent pain relief. Oral tablets are the most commonly used acute treatment for migraine; however, their effectiveness is limited by the rate of gastrointestinal (GI) tract absorption and first-pass hepatic metabolism, and they may not be ideal for patients experiencing GI motility issues. Nasal delivery is an attractive alternative route as it may circumvent GI tract absorption, avoid first-pass metabolism in the liver, and potentially reduce the frequency of GI adverse events. The large surface area and high vascularity within the nose may permit rapid absorption of therapeutics into the systemic circulation, allowing for rapid onset of action. However, the site of drug deposition (upper versus lower nasal cavity) may influence drug pharmacokinetics. Most approved nasal migraine therapies target the lower nasal space where the epithelium is less permeable, and they may be quickly cleared away due to increased ciliary function or dripping from the nose or swallowing, resulting in variable absorption and limited bioavailability. Together with its abundant vascularization, relative mucosal thickness stability, and low clearance rates, the upper nasal space harnesses the benefits of nasal delivery to potentially maximize drug efficacy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10112468","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,2]],"date-time":"2021-06-02T10:38:39Z","timestamp":1622630319000},"page":"2468","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Nasal Delivery of Acute Medications for Migraine: The Upper Versus Lower Nasal Space"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Vincent","family":"Martin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cincinnati Headache and Facial Pain Center, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Hoekman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research & Development, Impel NeuroPharma, Seattle, WA 98119, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheena K.","family":"Aurora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Affairs, Impel NeuroPharma, Seattle, WA 98119, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen B.","family":"Shrewsbury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Development, Impel NeuroPharma, Seattle, WA 98119, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-019-0993-0","article-title":"A narrative review on the burden of migraine: When the burden is the impact on people\u2019s life","volume":"20","author":"Leonardi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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