{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T22:22:47Z","timestamp":1792794167136,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":356,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,3]],"date-time":"2021-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622678400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01MH104030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH104030"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tics are characterized by sudden, rapid, recurrent, nonrhythmic movement or vocalization, and are the most common movement disorders in children. Their onset is usually in childhood and tics often will diminish within one year. However, some of the tics can persist and cause various problems such as social embarrassment, physical discomfort, or emotional impairments, which could interfere with daily activities and school performance. Furthermore, tic disorders are frequently associated with comorbid neuropsychiatric symptoms, which can become more problematic than tic symptoms. Unfortunately, misunderstanding and misconceptions of tic disorders still exist among the general population. Understanding tic disorders and their comorbidities is important to deliver appropriate care to patients with tics. Several studies have been conducted to elucidate the clinical course, epidemiology, and pathophysiology of tics, but they are still not well understood. This article aims to provide an overview about tics and tic disorders, and recent findings on tic disorders including history, definition, diagnosis, epidemiology, etiology, diagnostic approach, comorbidities, treatment and management, and differential diagnosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10112479","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,3]],"date-time":"2021-06-03T10:59:51Z","timestamp":1622717991000},"page":"2479","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":136,"title":["A Comprehensive Review of Tic Disorders in Children"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4087-6018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keisuke","family":"Ueda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6921-9567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin J.","family":"Black","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.60.10.1365","article-title":"The Basal Ganglia and involuntary movements: Impaired inhibition of competing motor patterns","volume":"60","author":"Mink","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch. 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